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Questions and Answers
What is essential for a system in homeostasis to function properly?
What is essential for a system in homeostasis to function properly?
Which part of the body is typically recognized as the control center for homeostasis?
Which part of the body is typically recognized as the control center for homeostasis?
What could happen if the sensors in a homeostatic system fail?
What could happen if the sensors in a homeostatic system fail?
Which of the following is NOT a reason for disruption in homeostasis?
Which of the following is NOT a reason for disruption in homeostasis?
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What key ability does the body possess according to Hippocrates regarding health?
What key ability does the body possess according to Hippocrates regarding health?
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What is the primary concept that homeostasis aims to maintain in the body?
What is the primary concept that homeostasis aims to maintain in the body?
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Which component is NOT a factor in maintaining homeostasis?
Which component is NOT a factor in maintaining homeostasis?
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How do cells maintain optimal functioning conditions internally?
How do cells maintain optimal functioning conditions internally?
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What does the term 'homeostasis' literally translate to?
What does the term 'homeostasis' literally translate to?
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What role do organ systems play in homeostasis?
What role do organ systems play in homeostasis?
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Study Notes
Course Information
- Course Title: PHYSIOLOGY & HISTOLOGY
- Course Code: ZOD104
Contact Information
- Professor Eman Salah Abdel-Reheim: WhatsApp available
- Professor Sanaa Reda
Lecture Regulation
- Arrive on time
- Avoid side conversations during explanations
- Limit food to items that can be eaten quickly and quietly
- Turn mobile phones to silent
Course Goal
- Provide medical graduates with basic physiology concepts
- Cover homeostasis, body systems, and their control
Evaluation
- Two assignments per course part
- Midterm and oral degrees
- Exams include various question types: multiple choice, matching, true/false, scientific expression, complete/short essay
- Class attendance will be included in the evaluation
Homeostasis (L1)
- Homeostasis is the maintenance of a steady internal environment despite external fluctuations
- Cells exchange nutrients and waste products with their surroundings
- ICF (intracellular fluid), ISF (interstitial fluid), and plasma (extracellular fluid) are interconnected environments
- The internal environment affects the external environment
- Organ systems participate in adjusting the internal environment
Threat to Homeostasis
- Disruption of homeostasis can have harmful consequences
- Causes of disruption: faulty sensors, overwhelming injury or issues with target organs (e.g., nerve problems), illness (viruses or bacteria).
- Disease is a noticeable deviation from homeostasis
Regulators of Homeostasis
- Sensors (receptors): Gather data about the internal environment
- Control Center: Receives data from sensors, interprets it, and sends out instructions
- Communication System: Delivers messages to target organs/tissues
- Targets (effectors): Respond to instructions, such as muscles contracting or glands releasing hormones
Control System
- Receive signal from sensors
- Integrate information from other relevant sources
- Send signal to correct the imbalance or return to homeostasis
Negative Feedback
- Actions to stop or reverse a change
- Blood pressure regulation is an example (increased BP→ more blood to vessels→ reduced pressure)
Positive Feedback
- Actions to enhance or amplify a change
- Examples: childbirth, blood clotting.
Homeostasis Components
- Osmoregulation
- Thermoregulation
- Chemoregulation
Osmoregulation
- RBCs in hypotonic solution swell and burst, hypertonic shrink
- Regulating water and electrolyte balance
Thermoregulation
- Humans maintain a constant internal body temperature (37°C).
- Mechanisms to cool down the body: sweating, vasodilation (blood vessels expand to lose heat)
- Mechanisms to generate body heat: vasoconstriction (blood vessels narrow), piloerection (goosebumps)
Systems Involved in Thermoregulation
- Shivering (generate heat)
- Sweating (release heat)
Water Balance (L2)
- Water intake = water output (2500mL/day)
- Main sources of water intake: drinks, food, metabolic processes
- Main sources of water output: urine, perspiration, feces, insensible water loss
Body Fluid Compartments
- Intracellular fluid (inside cells)
- Extracellular fluid (outside cells): Intravascular fluid (plasma, lymph), Extravascular fluid (interstitial fluid), Transcellular fluid
- Barriers separating these compartments include cell membranes and blood vessel walls
Water Intake Regulation
- Osmoreceptors (hypothalamic thirst center) sense dehydration (dry mouth, increased plasma osmolarity)
- This triggers ADH (antidiuretic hormone) release - kidneys retain water and decrease urine volume.
- ADH is inhibited when there is an increase in blood volume or pressure
Inorganic Substances (Composition of body fluids)
- Sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, phosphate, sulfate & electrolytes play key roles in controlling water balance
Fluid Mixing
- Continuous movement of fluids between compartments to deliver oxygen, nutrients, and remove metabolic waste
- Organs involved include lungs, kidneys, and the gastrointestinal tract
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Description
Test your understanding of homeostasis and its role in maintaining a steady internal environment. This quiz covers the basic concepts of physiological processes and how body systems interact to achieve balance. Suitable for medical graduates looking to reinforce their knowledge.
