Physiology & Histology (ZOD104) Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of sensors in maintaining homeostasis?

  • Interpret information and send messages.
  • Respond to changes in the body.
  • Detect changes and gather data. (correct)
  • Deliver messages to target organs.

Which component of the control system is typically the control center for homeostasis?

  • Target organs
  • Hypothalamus (correct)
  • Peripheral nervous system
  • Spinal cord

What occurs when the responses to homeostatic challenges are inadequate?

  • The body achieves equilibrium.
  • Health is maintained.
  • Homeostasis is seamlessly restored.
  • The person falls ill. (correct)

Which of the following is NOT a reason for disruption of homeostasis?

<p>Overactive hormones release. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the communication system in the context of homeostasis?

<p>Deliver messages to target organs and tissues. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of the physiology course outlined?

<p>Basic concepts of physiology (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines homeostasis?

<p>The maintenance of a constant internal environment amidst external changes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which system is primarily responsible for the transportation of nutrients and waste products?

<p>Cardiovascular system (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of the immune system?

<p>Defense against foreign invaders (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do body systems play in homeostasis?

<p>They regulate the exchange of nutrients and wastes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In homeostasis, which component is primarily responsible for conditioning the intracellular fluid?

<p>Interstitial fluid (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which feedback mechanism involves enhancing a change in the body's condition?

<p>Positive feedback control (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component is NOT involved in the regulation of homeostasis?

<p>Muscle contraction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following parameters is NOT typically regulated by homeostasis?

<p>Emotional state (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'steady state' refer to in the context of homeostasis?

<p>The optimal condition for body functions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the body respond to an increase in blood pressure according to negative feedback?

<p>Blood vessels dilate (B), Heart rate decreases (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the dynamic nature of life in relation to homeostasis?

<p>Cells consume fuels and create waste continuously (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which system is responsible for the elimination of waste products and maintaining water balance?

<p>Urinary system (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which system's primary role includes voluntary movements?

<p>Muscular system (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism is essential for maintaining homeostasis in the body?

<p>Regulating the functions of organ systems (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the endocrine system in homeostasis?

<p>Control of nutrients supply and utilization (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to red blood cells (RBCs) in a hypotonic solution?

<p>They burst. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of sweating as a cooling mechanism?

<p>To vaporize sweat and cool the skin. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which mechanism does blood move closer to the skin surface to release heat?

<p>Vasodilation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does piloerection play in thermoregulation?

<p>It creates an insulating layer of air. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the average body water percentage in adult males?

<p>60% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to blood vessels during vasoconstriction?

<p>They constrict to reduce heat loss. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What body temperature is typically maintained by human beings?

<p>37ºC (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does water content typically change as humans age?

<p>It declines to about 45%. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of total body water is represented by extracellular fluid (ECF)?

<p>35% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component is classified as intravascular extracellular fluid?

<p>Plasma (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of substances do nonelectrolytes include?

<p>Amino acids and glucose (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary driving force for water intake in the body?

<p>Thirst mechanism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor increases plasma osmolarity and triggers the release of ADH?

<p>Dehydration (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is water primarily lost from the body?

<p>Via urine and insensible losses (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of extracellular fluid consists of interstitial fluid?

<p>70-79% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following components separates interstitial fluid from plasma?

<p>Capillary walls (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimum daily sensible water loss to effectively excrete waste?

<p>400-500 ml (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of fluid is least represented in the extracellular fluid compartment?

<p>Transcellular fluid (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does drinking water have on the thirst center?

<p>It inhibits the thirst center (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus play regarding ADH release?

<p>They stimulate ADH release when plasma osmolality increases (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the urine when ADH levels decrease?

<p>Urine becomes more dilute (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors can trigger the release of ADH?

<p>Excessive sweating (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do baroreceptors primarily respond to in relation to ADH release?

<p>Changes in blood pressure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is primarily responsible for regulating water reabsorption in the kidneys?

<p>Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of a significant decrease in ADH levels?

<p>Decreased water reabsorption and dilute urine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What physiological condition stimulates the release of ADH based on blood volume changes?

<p>Fever and sweating (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Homeostasis

The body's ability to maintain a stable internal environment despite external changes.

Threat to Homeostasis

A disturbance that disrupts the body's internal balance.

Control Center

The part of the body that receives sensory information and sends commands to make necessary adjustments using the communication systems like nerves and hormones.

Sensors(Receptor)

Part of the body that detects changes to the body's environment (e.g. temperature)

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Targets (Effector)

The parts of the body that receive commands from the control center (e.g., muscles or glands) to restore homeostasis

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Homeostasis

Maintaining a stable internal environment in the body despite external changes.

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Physiology

The study of how living organisms function.

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Body Systems

Groups of organs working together to maintain homeostasis.

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Control Systems

Mechanisms that regulate body functions to maintain homeostasis.

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Intracellular Fluid

Fluid inside body cells.

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Interstitial Fluid

Fluid between cells.

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Extracellular Fluid

Fluid outside body cells, including plasma.

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Osmoregulation

Maintaining water balance in the body.

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Homeostasis

The body's ability to maintain a stable internal environment despite external changes.

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Negative Feedback

A control system where the body reacts to a change by reversing it.

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Positive Feedback

A control system where the body reacts to a change by amplifying it.

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Digestive System Function

Breaks down food, absorbs nutrients, and eliminates waste.

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Cardiovascular System Function

Transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste products.

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Immune System Function

Defends the body against foreign invaders and diseases.

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Disease

Deviation from the stable internal environment or homeostasis.

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Osmoregulation

Maintaining a stable balance of water and salt levels.

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Isotonic Solution for RBCs

A solution with the same concentration of solutes as inside red blood cells. Red blood cells maintain their normal shape in this solution.

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Hypotonic Solution for RBCs

A solution with a lower concentration of solutes than inside red blood cells. Red blood cells swell and burst in this solution.

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Hypertonic Solution for RBCs

A solution with a higher concentration of solutes than inside red blood cells. Red blood cells shrink in this solution.

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Thermoregulation

The process of maintaining a constant internal body temperature, regardless of external temperature.

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Vasodilation

Widening of blood vessels to increase heat loss from the body, used in response to high temperatures.

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Vasconstriction

Narrowing of blood vessels to decrease heat loss from the body, used in response to low temperatures.

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Piloerection

Hairs standing up on the skin to trap a layer of insulating air, used in response to low temperatures to help retain heat.

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Body Water Content

The percentage of water in the human body, which varies across different life stages and genders.

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ADH Release Stimulus

Changes in blood osmolality (salt concentration) or blood volume trigger ADH release from the posterior pituitary.

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ADH Effect on Kidneys

ADH causes the kidneys to reabsorb water, making urine more concentrated.

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Thirst Suppression

Drinking water reduces the sensation of thirst by inhibiting the thirst center signals.

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Negative Feedback Loop (ADH)

Changes in blood osmolality or volume trigger ADH release, which affects water reabsorption in the kidneys, ultimately correcting those changes.

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Osmoreceptors Location

Located in the hypothalamus, these receptors detect changes in blood osmolality.

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Blood Volume and ADH

Significant changes in blood volume (e.g., blood loss, dehydration) also stimulate ADH release.

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ADH Target

The collecting ducts of the kidneys are the target of ADH's action.

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ADH and Urine Concentration

Higher ADH levels lead to more concentrated urine, while lower levels lead to more dilute urine.

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Intracellular fluid (ICF)

Fluid inside the cells, comprising 65% of total body water

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Extracellular fluid (ECF)

Fluid outside the cells, comprising 35% of total body water

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Intravascular fluid

Component of ECF including plasma and lymph, approximately 20-23% of ECF

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Interstitial fluid (IF)

Fluid between cells, comprising 70-79% of ECF

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Transcellular fluid

Specialized fluids like synovial, pleural, aqueous humor, cerebrospinal, and peritoneal fluids, approximately 0.6% of ECF

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Cell membrane

Separates intracellular from extracellular fluid; selectively permeable.

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Blood vessel wall

Separates interstitial fluid from plasma.

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Water intake (daily)

2500 ml/day; includes preformed water (beverages and food) and metabolic water.

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Water output (daily)

2500 ml/day; includes urine, insensible loss (skin/lungs), perspiration, and feces.

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Thirst mechanism

Drives water intake; triggered by hypothalamic osmoreceptors sensing dehydration (dry mouth, increased plasma osmolarity, decreased blood pressure).

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Study Notes

Physiology & Histology (ZOD104) Course Information

  • Course name: Physiology & Histology (ZOD104)
  • Course coordinators: Prof. Dr. Eman Salah Abdel-Reheim, Prof. Dr. Sanaa Reda
  • WhatsApp: Available
  • Course Goal: Provide medical graduates with basic physiology concepts, including homeostasis, body systems, and their controls

Lecture Regulation

  • Arrive on time
  • Avoid side conversations during explanations
  • Limit food to items that can be eaten quickly and quietly
  • Turn mobile phones to silent

Evaluation

  • Two assignments per course part for midterm and oral degrees
  • Exams include multiple choice, matching, true/false, scientific expression, and complete/short essay questions
  • Presence will be included in the evaluation

Homeostasis

  • Definition: Maintenance of a steady internal environment in the body, despite external changes.

  • Mechanism & Regulators: A complex system of sensors, control centers (e.g., hypothalamus), communication systems (e.g., nervous, endocrine), and effectors (muscles, glands) work to maintain a constant internal environment

  • Body System Roles: Various body systems (digestive, cardiovascular, respiratory, urinary, skeletal, muscular, integumentary, immune, nervous, endocrine, reproductive) play critical roles in homeostasis, facilitating processes like nutrient absorption, oxygen delivery, waste elimination, and temperature regulation

  • Components: Intracellular fluid (ICF), interstitial fluid (ISF), plasma, and organs influencing these compartments

  • ICF: fluid inside the cells

  • ISF: fluid between the cells

  • Plasma: fluid outside the cells, part of extracellular fluid.

  • Regulation Systems: Sensors (receptors) -detect changes Control center- Interprets input/changes Communication system- delivers messages to target organs (effectors) Effectors- responds to changes

  • Threats to Homeostasis: Homeostasis can be disrupted by various factors, including sensor failure, injury, nerve issues, and illness (e.g., viruses, bacteria).

  • Response to Threats: These disruptions are met by mechanisms that detect threats, respond to them, and neutralize them, returning the body to a healthy state.

  • Importance of Homeostasis: Maintaining homeostasis is essential for maintaining health. Deviation from homeostasis is a hallmark of illness.

  • Types : Negative feedback (corrects fluctuations towards a target point) and Positive feedback (amplifies a change in the same direction to help with completion of a task)

  • Elements of Homeostasis Negative Feedback : Baroreceptors detect increased blood pressure, sending signals to the brain. Brain signals blood vessels to dilate and reduces heart rate, lowering blood pressure.

  • Examples of Positive Feedback: Labor contractions (Oxytocin triggers more contractions), blood clotting.

Water Balance

  • Body water content: high variable percent of human body weight, e.g., infants>75%, adult>60% (females).
  • Fluid compartments: Intracellular fluid (inside cells), extracellular fluid (outside cells, divided into intravascular and extravascular, transcellular)
  • Regulation of water intake: Thirst mechanism (osmoreceptors in hypothalamus) are stimulated by dehydration, increased plasma osmolarity leading to ADH release for water reabsorption.
  • Water intake/output: 2500 ml per day. Includes beverages, food, and metabolic water as input; output includes urine, sweating, insensible losses (skin, lungs), feces.

Other Crucial Concepts

  • Osmoregulation: Control of solute concentration in body fluids, including those related to water balance and blood pressure regulation. Isotonic, hypertonic, hypotonic affect on RBCs
  • Thermoregulation: Maintaining internal body temperature, utilizing mechanisms like sweating, vasodilation, piloerection, and vasoconstriction.
  • Chemoregulation: Regulation of chemical substances in bodily fluids.

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Physiology & Histology (ZOD104) - L1 & L2 PDF

Description

This quiz covers key concepts from the Physiology & Histology (ZOD104) course. It focuses on homeostasis, body systems, and the regulatory mechanisms involved in maintaining internal balance. Prepare to test your knowledge on these foundational principles vital for medical graduates.

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