Physical Science and Life Science Essentials

Matter:
- States: solid, liquid, gas
- Properties: texture, color, odor, temperature, solubility
- Mixtures: heterogeneous, homogeneous
- Pure substances: elements, compounds
Energy:
- Types: kinetic, potential, thermal, electrical, chemical
- Transfer: conduction, convection, radiation
- Conservation: energy cannot be created or destroyed, only converted

Cells:
- Structures: cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus
- Functions: metabolism, growth, reproduction, response to stimuli
- Types: prokaryotic, eukaryotic
Ecosystems:
- Interactions: predator-prey, producer-consumer, symbiotic
- Energy flow: food chains, food webs, trophic levels
- Cycles: water, carbon, nitrogen

Geology:
- Rocks: igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic
- Processes: plate tectonics, weathering, erosion
- Earth's structure: crust, mantle, core
Weather and Climate:
- Weather: temperature, humidity, precipitation, wind
- Climate: long-term patterns, factors affecting climate (latitude, altitude, ocean currents)

Scientific Method:
- Steps: question, hypothesis, experiment, analysis, conclusion
- Variables: independent, dependent, controlled
Lab Tools:
- Measurement: ruler, thermometer, scale
- Observation: microscope, magnifying glass
- Data analysis: graphs, charts, tables

Matter can exist in three main states: solid, liquid, and gas
Matter has various properties, including texture, color, odor, temperature, and solubility
Mixtures can be either heterogeneous (uneven composition) or homogeneous (even composition)
Pure substances can be classified into elements (basic building blocks) and compounds (combinations of elements)
Energy comes in various forms, including kinetic (motion), potential (stored), thermal (heat), electrical, and chemical
Energy can be transferred through conduction (direct contact), convection (circulating fluids), and radiation (electromagnetic waves)
The law of energy conservation states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only converted from one form to another

Cells have various structures, including the cell membrane (outer layer), cytoplasm ( jelly-like substance), and nucleus (control center)
Cells perform various functions, including metabolism (energy conversion), growth, reproduction, and response to stimuli
There are two main types of cells: prokaryotic (simple, no nucleus) and eukaryotic (complex, with nucleus)
Ecosystems involve various interactions, including predator-prey, producer-consumer, and symbiotic relationships
Energy flows through ecosystems via food chains, food webs, and trophic levels
Nutrient cycles, such as the water cycle, carbon cycle, and nitrogen cycle, are essential for ecosystem functioning

Rocks can be classified into three main types: igneous (formed from magma), sedimentary (formed from sediment), and metamorphic (transformed from existing rocks)
Geological processes include plate tectonics (earth's surface movement), weathering (rock breakdown), and erosion (rock removal)
The Earth's structure consists of the crust (outer layer), mantle (thick middle layer), and core (central layer)
Weather is characterized by factors such as temperature, humidity, precipitation, and wind
Climate refers to long-term patterns, influenced by factors such as latitude, altitude, and ocean currents

The scientific method involves question formation, hypothesis development, experiment design, analysis, and conclusion drawing
Scientific variables include the independent variable (manipulated), dependent variable (measured), and controlled variables (kept constant)
Laboratory tools include rulers (measurement), thermometers (temperature measurement), and scales (mass measurement)
Observation tools include microscopes (cell examination) and magnifying glasses (enlargement)
Data analysis involves the use of graphs, charts, and tables to visualize and interpret data

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