Preschoolers week 3
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Questions and Answers

What is a gross motor skill that a 4-5 year old is capable of doing?

  • Cuts paper with scissors
  • Catches large ball between outstretched arms
  • Walks up and down stairs one foot per step (correct)
  • Threads needle and sews large stitches

    • At what age do preschoolers transition from scribbling to drawing recognizable symbols?

  • 2 years
  • 5 years
  • 4 years
  • 3 years (correct)

    • Which fine motor skill is expected of a 5-6 year old?

  • Strikes ball with bat
  • Threads needle and sews large stitches (correct)
  • Catches large ball between outstretched arms
  • Threads beads on a string

    • Which of the following best describes a 5-year-old's abilities related to art?

    <p>Tells stories using detailed drawings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant development occurs in children around the age of 6 regarding symbols?

    <p>Develops a set of symbols to represent concepts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of Canadian parents in comparison to European parents?

    <p>They are more permissive in their disciplinary strategies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main problems identified in establishing effective discipline strategies?

    <p>Establishing the effects of discipline and the necessary intensity and frequency.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is not typically associated with short-term learning?

    <p>Stories related to familiar experiences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of learning is primarily reinforced through active participation?

    <p>Reinforcement of new skills.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a component of long-term learning?

    <p>Active participation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of using complex sentences in communication?

    <p>To express multiple ideas simultaneously</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does family interaction influence intelligence in children?

    <p>It creates a more stimulating environment for learning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key aspect of the numeracy development in preschoolers?

    <p>It includes the understanding of number relationships</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the 'Initiative vs. Guilt' stage in Erikson's theory primarily relate to?

    <p>The development of planning skills</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the social-cognitive development of children, what is the significance of understanding rules?

    <p>To differentiate between moral rules and social conventions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What parenting style is characterized by high control but low warmth?

    <p>Authoritarian</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which parenting style tends to produce the most negative outcomes for children?

    <p>Uninvolved</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do insecurely attached preschoolers generally perceive themselves?

    <p>They develop critical attitudes toward themselves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of Canadian parents are reported to have an authoritarian parenting style?

    <p>25%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a benefit of parents using rich and accurate language with their children?

    <p>It enhances children's language development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function associated with the left hemisphere of the brain?

    <p>Language and logic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age do children typically begin to show a preference for one hand over another?

    <p>2-6 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the concept of conservation refer to in child development?

    <p>The capability to recognize that changing appearance does not alter quantity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which play type involves children taking on roles or acting out scenarios?

    <p>Sociodramatic play</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is 'metamemory' defined as in cognitive development?

    <p>Understanding how memory works</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor significantly impacts a child's ability to learn to read?

    <p>Phonological awareness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age can children typically start understanding the concept of false belief?

    <p>4-5 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the 'false belief principle'?

    <p>Recognizing that others can think differently about the same situation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of pretend play in enhancing a child's Theory of Mind (ToM)?

    <p>It allows understanding of the reciprocal nature of thought.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What age range marks the transition into the pre-operational stage of cognitive development?

    <p>3-7 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended limit for screen time for children aged two to five years?

    <p>Less than one hour a day</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does increased screen time affect preschoolers' cognitive abilities?

    <p>Reduces participation in class</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential negative impact of children using apps for more than 30 minutes per day?

    <p>Lower inhibition scores</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one recommended activity for children under five years to develop essential life skills?

    <p>Active play</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What association was found regarding excessive screen time in preschoolers?

    <p>Lower self-regulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age is screen time not recommended according to the guidelines?

    <p>Under two years old</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the percentage decrease in math proficiency associated with increased TV exposure at the age of four years?

    <p>6% decrease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of screen time is considered beneficial for preschoolers when it involves interactive media?

    <p>Contingent responses from adults</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Between the ages of 4-6, physical changes are less dramatic than the first year of life but still impressive, particularly in ______ development.

    <p>motor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At the age of 3-4 years, children start to catch a large ball between outstretched arms and hold a pencil between their ______ and fingers.

    <p>thumb</p> Signup and view all the answers

    By the age of 6, children develop a set of ______ to represent their ideas and thoughts during drawing activities.

    <p>symbols</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the age group of 4-5 years, children begin telling ______ and using art to work out problems.

    <p>stories</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Most impressive gains in preschoolers' development occur in large muscle skills, known as ______ motor skills.

    <p>gross</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ is the brain structure that regulates attention and concentration.

    <p>reticular formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    By age 5-6, children begin to prefer ______ pretending and formal games.

    <p>rule governed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The understanding that matter can change in appearance without changing in ______ is known as conservation.

    <p>quantity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ principle allows children to understand a situation from another person's perspective.

    <p>false belief</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Knowledge about how memory works and reflection on one's memory function is known as ______.

    <p>metamemory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Children with good phonological awareness skills use ______ spelling as a writing strategy.

    <p>invented</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The preference for one ______ over another typically appears between the ages of 2 and 6 years.

    <p>hand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Canadian parents are reportedly more likely to use ______ disciplinary strategies compared to European parents.

    <p>permissive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Effective discipline needs to establish its ______ and intensity.

    <p>effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the short term, learning often involves ______ and visual stimuli.

    <p>physical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Long-term learning relates to familiar experiences and ______ participation.

    <p>active</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Stories can be an effective tool in reinforcing new skills and aiding ______ learning.

    <p>long-term</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Adding 'ing' is an example of ______ that changes meaning.

    <p>inflection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Overregulatization refers to using ______ when they don't apply.

    <p>rules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Erikson's theory, the stage of Initiative vs. ______ focuses on the ability to plan.

    <p>Guilt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Children begin to understand that intentional wrongdoing deserves greater ______ than unintentional rule transgressions.

    <p>punishment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Family relationships are a crucial factor in early childhood ______.

    <p>development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Insecurely attached preschoolers may develop negative attitudes toward ______.

    <p>themselves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Warmth and clarity of rules are aspects of ______ styles.

    <p>parenting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Authoritarian parenting is characterized by low ______ but high control.

    <p>nurturance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ability to use numbers is referred to as ______.

    <p>numeracy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A ______ is the ratio where each object is paired with one other object when counting.

    <p>1:1 ratio</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two primary functions associated with the left and right hemispheres of the brain?

    <p>The left hemisphere is associated with language, logic, math, and analysis, while the right hemisphere is linked to intuition, creativity, art/music, and spatial abilities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does socio-dramatic play contribute to a child's cognitive development?

    <p>Socio-dramatic play helps children practice roles and interactions, enhancing their symbolic thought and understanding of social dynamics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define the concept of conservation in child development.

    <p>Conservation refers to the understanding that matter can change in appearance without changing in quantity, which typically develops after age 5.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does pretend play have in enhancing a child's Theory of Mind (ToM)?

    <p>Pretend play allows children to explore different perspectives and emotions, thereby enhancing their ability to understand that others can have thoughts and beliefs different from their own.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What milestones in language development can be observed in children aged 5-6 years?

    <p>Children aged 5-6 years typically expand their vocabulary to around 15,000 words and learn to use new words accurately through reinforcement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primary type of development is most evident in preschoolers between the ages of 4-6, particularly in their physical skills?

    <p>Gross motor development is the primary type of development evident in preschoolers aged 4-6.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do preschoolers' artistic abilities evolve between the ages of 3 and 6?

    <p>Preschoolers evolve from simple scribbling at 3 years to creating detailed drawings with symbols by 6 years.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What fine motor skill is typically developed in children aged 4-5 years?

    <p>A fine motor skill developed by 4-5 year-olds includes threading beads on a string.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe the transition in preschoolers' approach to problem-solving through art from ages 4 to 6.

    <p>From ages 4 to 6, children start to tell stories and integrate new concepts into their artwork as a means of problem-solving.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of muscle skills show the most impressive gains in preschoolers between ages 3 to 6?

    <p>The most impressive gains in preschoolers are observed in gross motor skills, such as running and jumping.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is overregularization in language development?

    <p>Overregularization is the application of grammatical rules too broadly, such as saying 'goed' instead of 'went'.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do parental interactions influence a child's intelligence?

    <p>Parental interactions provide a rich environment with feedback and opportunities for exploration, enhancing a child's intelligence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of numeracy development in preschoolers?

    <p>Numeracy development in preschoolers lays the groundwork for understanding more advanced mathematical concepts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Erikson's stage of Initiative vs. Guilt, what is the key cognitive skill involved?

    <p>The key cognitive skill involved is the ability to plan, which encourages initiative in children.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do young children begin to understand about others' intentions?

    <p>Young children start to recognize that intentional wrong-doing merits greater punishment than unintentional actions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of insecurely attached preschoolers?

    <p>Insecurely attached preschoolers tend to develop negative and critical attitudes toward themselves.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What parenting style is defined by high nurturance and high maturity demands?

    <p>The authoritative parenting style is characterized by high nurturance, control, and maturity demands.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of Canadian parents are identified as permissive?

    <p>Approximately 25% of Canadian parents are identified as permissive.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does parent communication play in child development?

    <p>Effective parent communication promotes clarity, consistency, and nurturance, which are vital for a child's growth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does classification skill development in young children help them distinguish between?

    <p>Classification skills help children distinguish between social conventions and moral rules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Between the ages of 4-6, physical changes are less dramatic than the first year of life but still impressive, particularly in gross motor development.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At the age of 5-6 years, children typically start to catch a large ball using only one outstretched arm.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Children develop a set of symbols to represent their ideas and thoughts during drawing activities by the age of 4-5 years.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The most impressive gains in preschoolers' development occur in fine motor skills during the ages 3-4.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    By age 3-4 years, children progress from scribbling to drawing and start to realize that art can represent something tangible.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Children typically understand the concept of conservation before the age of 5.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The left hemisphere of the brain is primarily responsible for intuition and creativity.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    By age 4-5, children can understand that the same object can represent different things.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pretend play enhances children's understanding of the reciprocal nature of thought before they are 6 years old.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Children with well-developed phonological awareness skills can use invented spelling as a writing strategy.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The overregulation of verb forms involves using rules incorrectly, like saying 'goed' instead of 'went'.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Complex sentences only use simple conjunctions to combine two ideas.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Insecurely attached preschoolers are less likely to develop negative self-attitudes compared to securely attached peers.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Parental use of rich language contributes to a child's cognitive development in the zone of proximal development.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Authoritative parenting is characterized by low communication and high control.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Parenting styles have no significant impact on a child's behavior during preschool years.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The balance between a child's initiative and parental control is crucial in Erikson's 'Initiative vs. Guilt' stage.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Young children struggle to distinguish between social conventions and moral rules.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The authoritarian parenting style accounts for 33% of parenting approaches in Canada.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Individual family interactions can significantly influence children's intelligence test scores.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Physical Development

    • Between ages 4-6 physical changes are less dramatic than in the first year of life.
    • Gross motor skills:
      • 3-4 years: Walks upstairs one foot per step, skips on two feet, walks on tiptoe, pedals and steers, walks in any direction pulling a large toy, jumps.
      • 4-5 years: Walks up and down stairs one foot per step, stands, runs, and walks on tiptoe.
      • 5-6 years: Skips on alternate feet, walks on a line, slides, swings.
    • Fine motor skills:
      • 3-4 years: Catches large ball between outstretched arms, cuts paper with scissors, holds pencil between thumb and fingers.
      • 4-5 years: Strikes ball with bat, kicks and catches ball, threads beads on a string, grasps pencil properly.
      • 5-6 years: Plays ball games well, threads needle and sews large stitches.
    • Preschoolers make steady progress in motor development with most impressive gains in large muscle skills.
    • By age 3, children move from scribbling toward drawing and realize that art can stand for something tangible.
    • By age 4-5 children tell stories and work out problems using art, with growing detail and integrated concepts.
    • By age 6, a set of symbols is developed (like the sun being a yellow circle with lines).

    Brain Development

    • Lateralization: Brain functions are divided between the two hemispheres.
      • The left hemisphere (L) is associated with language, logic, math, and analysis.
      • The right hemisphere (R) is associated with intuition, creativity, art/music, and spatial abilities.
    • Myelinization: The reticular formation - which regulates attention and concentration - undergoes myelinization.
    • Handedness: Preference for one hand over another appears between 2 and 6 years of age.

    Cognitive Development

    • Sociodramatic play: Children begin to play parts or take roles (like playing 'house') and often create imaginary companions.
    • Rule-governed play: By 5-6 children prefer rule-governed pretending and formal games.
    • Pre-operational stage: Children become more proficient in using symbols but still have difficulty thinking logically.
    • Conservation: The understanding that matter can change appearance without changing quantity is not developed before age 5.
    • Appearance and Reality: 4-5 year olds understand that the same object can represent different things.
    • False Belief Principle: Children start to understand that other people can have false beliefs, and can look at a situation from another's point of view.
    • Theories of Mind (ToM):
      • Age 4: Children understand that each person's actions are based on their own representation of reality.
      • Age 4-5: Children cannot understand that other people can think about them, nor understand that much knowledge can be derived from inference.
      • Age 5-7: Children understand the reciprocal nature of thought.
    • Enhancing ToM: Pretend play, shared play, and discussions with parents about emotions can help children develop ToM.
    • Metamemory: Knowledge about how memory works, and control and reflection on one's memory function.
    • Metacognition: Knowledge about how the mind thinks, and the ability to control and reflect on one's own thought process.

    Language Development

    • By age 5-6 children have a vocabulary of around 15,000 words.
    • Reinforcement: Children quickly form a hypothesis about a new word's meaning and use the word often to test their hypothesis.
    • Invented Spelling: A phonological awareness-based strategy young children use when writing.
    • Grammar Explosion:
      • Inflections: Additions that change meaning (e.g., adding "ing" to "go" to make "going").
      • Overregularization: Incorrectly applying grammatical rules (e.g., "goed" instead of "went").
      • Complex Sentences: Using conjunctions or embedded clauses to combine two or more ideas.

    Intelligence

    • Family interactions foster higher scores on intelligence tests:
      • More interesting and complex environments.
      • Parental reaction and feedback.
      • Parents using rich and accurate language in the 'zone of proximal development'.
      • Opportunities to explore and make mistakes.
      • Encouragement to ask questions.

    Numeracy

    • Numeracy: The ability to use numbers.
    • Developing numeracy abilities is important for later mathematical learning.

    Erickson's Stages of Development

    • Initiative vs. Guilt: The ability to plan, a new cognitive skill, leads to a desire to take initiative, which needs to be balanced with parental protection and control.
    • Person Perception: The ability to classify others by age, gender, and race emerges during this stage.

    Social-Cognitive Development

    • Understanding Rule Categories: Young children begin to classify social conventions and moral rules.
    • Understanding Others' Intentions: Children start to understand other people's intentional actions, and that intentional wrong-doing deserves more punishment than unintentional transgressions.

    Family Functioning

    • Family Relationships: Family relationships are extremely important for early development.
    • Attachment: Attachment has a significant impact on preschool behavior and relationships with teachers.
      • Insecurely attached preschoolers are more likely to develop negative self-attitudes.
    • Parenting Styles:
      • Authoritarian: Low in nurturance and communication, but high in control and maturity demands.
      • Permissive: High in nurturance, but low in maturity demands, control, and communication.
      • Authoritative: High in nurturance, maturity demands, control, and communication.
      • Uninvolved: Low in nurturance, maturity demands, control, and communication.
      • Uninvolved parenting produces the most negative outcomes.

    Discipline

    • Discipline: Training to develop self-control, moral character, and proper conduct.
    • Effectiveness of Discipline: Difficult to clearly define the effects of discipline.
    • Research hasn't concluded how intense or frequent discipline needs to be effective.

    Learning

    • Short Term Learning:
      • Physical and visual stimuli.
      • Active participation.
      • Praise and approval.
      • Reinforcement of new skills.
      • Reflexes.
    • Long Term Learning:
      • Relating new knowledge to familiar experiences.
      • Role models.
      • Repetition.
      • Stories.

    Screen Time

    • Screen Time and Preschoolers:
      • Increased screen time is linked to behavioral issues and lower language abilities.
      • Higher screen time at age 4 is associated with lower emotional understanding and lower vocabulary at age 6.
    • Screen Time Recommendations:
      • Under 2 years old: No screen time.
      • 2-5 years old: Less than 1 hour per day.
      • Over 5 years old: Less than 2 hours per day.
    • COVID, Screen Time and Preschoolers:
      • Interactive media can be beneficial for learning.
      • Excessive screen time can negatively impact reading, self-regulation, and inhibition.

    Modeling Screen Time

    • Children under 5 years need active play and quality family time for essential skill development.

    Physical Development

    • Gross motor development between ages 3-6 is less dramatic than the first year of life.
    • Many skills are developed with each year of life.
    • Fine motor skills are developed with each year of life.
    • Children make steady progress in motor development.
    • Large muscle skill gains are most impressive.
    • Art helps children understand abstract concepts.
    • Children can draw and understand art in relation to tangible objects.
    • Children can use art to express their ideas and problem-solve.
    • Children can represent objects with symbols and understand space.
    • Lateralization means brain functions are divided between hemispheres.
    • The reticular formation regulates attention, concentration, and memory.
    • The preference for one hand appears between the ages of 2 and 6.
    • The left hemisphere is responsible for language, logic, math, and analysis.
    • The right hemisphere is responsible for intuition, creativity, art, music, and spatial skills.
    • Early childhood education can help lessen the impact of ACES.

    Cognitive Development

    • Sociodramatic play helps children develop social skills.
    • By ages 5-6 children prefer structured games.
    • The pre-operational stage of development is characterized by the use of symbols.
    • Conservation develops around age five.
    • Children can understand that an object can represent different things.
    • Children understand that others can have false beliefs.
    • The false belief principle develops between ages 4-5.
    • Children understand that the world exists outside of them.
    • Theories of Mind (ToM) develop steadily between ages 4-7.
    • Metamemory is the knowledge of how memory works.
    • Metacognition is the knowledge of how the mind thinks.

    Language

    • By age 5-6, children typically have a vocabulary of 15,000 words.
    • The process of learning new words is called reinforcement.
    • Children rapidly form hypotheses about new words' meaning and use those words to get feedback.
    • Invented spelling is a strategy used by children with good phonological awareness skills.
    • Phonological awareness is the ability to hear and manipulate sounds in language.
    • Grammar experiences an explosion between the ages of 3-6.
    • Inflections are additions to words that change the meaning.
    • Overregularization is applying grammatical rules incorrectly.
    • Children use complex sentences that combine two ideas or use embedded clauses.

    Intelligence

    • Family interactions foster higher scores on intelligence testing.
    • Parents who use rich and accurate language help children develop their language skills.
    • Children should be given opportunities to explore, make mistakes, and ask questions.
    • Intelligence tests may not accurately measure a child's intelligence.

    Numeracy

    • Numeracy is the ability to use numbers.
    • Children who develop strong numeracy skills are better equipped to learn more advanced mathematical concepts.
    • The 1:1 ratio concept helps children develop basic numeracy skills.

    Erikson

    • Initiative vs. Guilt is characterized by the ability to plan.
    • Children develop a desire to take initiative.
    • Parents must balance the need to protect their child and control their behavior.
    • Person perception is the ability to classify others by categories.

    Social-Cognitive Development

    • Children learn to distinguish between social conventions and moral rules.
    • Children develop an understanding of others' intentions.
    • Children understand that intentional wrongdoing warrants more punishment.

    Family Functioning

    • Family relationships are a major contributing factor in early childhood development.
    • Attachment patterns influence behavior and relationships with preschool teachers.
    • Insecurely attached children are more likely to develop negative self-esteem.
    • There are four aspects of family functioning that affect a child's development: warmth/nurturance, clarity and consistency of rules, level of expectations, and communication between parent and child.
    • Authoritarian parenting is low in nurturance and communication but high in control and maturity demands.
    • Permissive parenting is high in nurturance and low in maturity demands, control, and communication.,
    • Authoritative parenting is high in nurturance, maturity demands, control, and communication.
    • Uninvolved parenting is low in nurturance, maturity demands, control, and communication.
    • Uninvolved parenting is most likely to produce negative outcomes.
    • Canadian parents are more lenient and emotionally warm than European parents.
    • Canadian parents use more permissive disciplinary strategies.

    Discipline

    • Discipline is defined as training that develops self-control, moral character, and proper conduct.
    • It is difficult to measure the effects of discipline.
    • It is difficult to determine how intense and frequent effective discipline needs to be.

    Learning

    • Children learn from short-term and long-term experiences.
    • Children learn through physical and visual stimuli.
    • Children learn through opportunities to relate to familiar experiences.
    • Children learn from role models.
    • Children learn through repetition.
    • Children learn from praise and encouragement.
    • Children learn through stories.

    Screen Time and Preschoolers

    • Increased screen time is associated with lower levels of emotional understanding.
    • Increased screen time is associated with behavioral problems.
    • Screen time is associated with lower vocabulary acquisition.
    • Screen time is associated with lowered math proficiency in the fourth grade.
    • Children under two years old should not have any screen time.
    • Children aged 2-5 should limit screen time to less than one hour a day.
    • Children over the age of 5 should limit screen time to less than two hours a day.
    • Interactive media can help children learn if it is used correctly.
    • Children who use educational apps for over 30 minutes per day have lower inhibition scores than those who use apps for less time.
    • Excessive screen time is associated with lower self-regulation in preschoolers.
    • Children under five years old need active play and quality family time to develop essential life skills.

    Physical Development

    • Gross motor skills develop significantly between the ages of 3 and 6.
    • Fine motor skills progress such as cutting paper with scissors and threading beads.
    • By 6 years, children are playing ball games well and threading needles.

    Cognitive Development

    • Preschoolers progress from scribbling to drawing and realizing that art can represent tangible objects.
    • Between 4-5 years, preschoolers add detail and integrate new concepts into their art.
    • By 6 years, children start to develop symbols to represent objects and understand spatial order.
    • The brain lateralizes, meaning functions are divided between the two hemispheres.
    • Myelinization of the reticular formation improves attention and concentration.
    • Handedness develops between 2 and 6 years.

    Theory of Mind

    • Children develop an understanding of the false belief principle; realizing the world exists outside of their own perspective.
    • Understanding that each person's actions are based on their own representation of reality develops around age 4.
    • Between age 4 and 5, children learn that other people can think about them.
    • Enhancing ToM can be fostered through pretend play, shared pretend play, and discussing emotional events with parents.

    Language

    • Children acquire approximately 15,000 words by 5-6 years old.
    • Children develop invented spelling, a strategy used by children with good phonological awareness.
    • Phonological awareness in early childhood helps accelerate reading comprehension.
    • Inflections, additions that change the meaning of a word, develop during this time, with children overregulating rules.

    Social-Emotional Development

    • Family interactions are a significant contributing factor to early childhood development.
    • Secure attachment in early childhood predicts positive behaviour in preschool years and relationships with teachers.
    • Children with insecure attachment are more likely to develop negative self-attitudes.

    Family Functioning

    • There are four aspects of family functioning that contribute to child development: warmth/nurturance, clarity and consistency of rules, level of expectations, and communication.
    • Authoritative parenting is most beneficial for children by providing high levels of nurturing, maturity demands, control, and communication.
    • Canadian parents lean toward authoritative parenting, emphasizing emotional warmth and leniency but with less behavioral control.

    Discipline

    • Effective discipline strategies are difficult to determine, with some studies failing to establish the effects of the intensity of discipline interventions.

    Learning

    • Learning is a combination of short-term learning, such as through physical and visual stimuli, and long-term learning based on familiar experiences, role models, and repetition.

    Screen Time

    • Increased screen time in early childhood has negative effects on cognitive abilities, leading to decreased participation in class and lower math proficiency in grade four.
    • Higher screen time at the age of four has been linked to lower levels of emotional understanding and vocabulary acquisition at 6 years.
    • The Canadian Paediatric Society recommends limiting screen time to one hour per day for children between ages 2 and 5, and less than two hours per day for children older than five.
    • Interactive media use can help children learn, but excessive screen time is associated with lower self-regulation and interference with reading activities.
    • Modeling positive screen time usage is essential.

    Physical Development

    • Between 4 and 6, physical changes are less dramatic than in the first year of life.
    • Gross Motor:
      • 3-4 years: walks upstairs one foot per step, skips on two feet, walks on tiptoe, pedals and steers, walks in any direction pulling a large toy, jumps
      • 4-5 years: walks up and down stairs one foot per step, stands, runs, and walks on tiptoe
      • 5-6 years: Skips on alternate feet, walks on a line, slides, swings
    • Fine Motor:
      • 3-4 years: catches large ball between outstretched arms, cuts paper with scissors, holds pencil between thumb and fingers
      • 4-5 years: strikes ball with bat, kicks and catches ball, threads beads on a string, grasps pencil properly
      • 5-6 years: plays ball games well, threads needle and sews large stitches

    Art & Development

    • At 3 years old, children move from scribbling to drawing and realize that art can stand for something tangible, creating a record of the thinking process.
    • At 4-5 years old, children tell stories and work out problems using art. Detail is added, and new concepts are integrated.
    • At 6 years old, children develop sets of symbols, like representing the sun with a yellow circle and lines. Schemes to represent objects are modified as new information is added. There is a realization that there is a definite order in space.

    Brain Development

    • Lateralization: Brain functions are divided between the two hemispheres.
      • Left hemisphere: language, logic, math, and analysis
      • Right hemisphere: intuition, creativity, art/music, spatial
    • Myelinization: The reticular formation, which regulates attention and concentration, becomes myelinated.
    • Handedness: Preference for one hand over another appears between 2 and 6 years of age.

    Prevention of ACES

    • Early childhood education (ECE) cannot prevent ACES but can mitigate their impact.

    Cognitive Development

    • Sociodramatic play: Children start playing parts or taking roles, like playing house, often during preschool years. Many children create imaginary companions during this time.
    • Rule-governed play: By 5-6 years old, children prefer rule-governed pretending and formal games, like red rover or 'red light, green light.'
    • Pre-operational stage: Children become more proficient in using symbols in thinking and communicating but still struggle with logical thinking.
    • Conservation: The understanding that matter can change in appearance without changing in quantity. This doesn't develop until around age 5.

    Appearance & Reality

    • 4-5-year-olds understand that the same object can represent different things.
    • False-belief principle: Understanding that allows a child to see a situation from another person's perspective and determine what information might lead to a false belief.
    • Realization that the world exists outside 'I.'

    Theories of Mind (ToM)

    • Age 4: Children understand that each person's actions are based on their representation of reality. They cannot understand that other people can think about them. They also don't understand that most knowledge can be derived from inference.
    • Age 4-5: Children cannot understand that other people can think about them, and they do not understand that most knowledge can be derived from inference (this happens by 6 years).
    • Age 5-7: Children understand the reciprocal nature of thought.
    • ToM Enhancement: Pretend play, shared pretend play, discussion of emotion-provoking events

    Metamemory & Metacognition

    • Metamemory: Knowledge about how memory works and the ability to control and reflect on one's own memory functions.
    • Metacognition: Knowledge about how the mind thinks and the ability to control and reflect on one's own thought process.

    Language Development

    • By 5-6 years old, children have a vocabulary of about 15,000 words.
    • Reinforcement: Children rapidly form a hypothesis about a new word's meaning and use it often, getting feedback to judge the accuracy of their hypothesis.

    Spelling

    • Invented spelling: A strategy young children with good phonological awareness skills use when they write.
    • Phonological awareness: The better the phonological awareness, the faster a child will learn to read.

    Grammar Development

    • Inflections: Additions that change meaning (e.g., adding 'ing' to go makes it going).
    • Over regularization: Applying grammar rules when they don't apply (e.g., 'goed' instead of 'went').
    • Complex sentences: Using conjunctions to combine two ideas and using embedded clauses.

    Intelligence

    • Family interactions significantly contribute to higher intelligence test scores:
      • Providing a more interesting and complex environment.
      • Giving parental reactions and feedback.
      • Using rich and accurate language in the 'zone of proximal development.'
      • Providing opportunities for exploration and making mistakes.
      • Asking questions rather than giving commands.

    Numeracy

    • Numeracy: The ability to use numbers.
    • Developing numeracy abilities in preschoolers helps with learning more advanced mathematical concepts.

    Erikson's Theory

    • Initiative vs. Guilt: Purpose
      • Ushered in by the ability to plan.
      • The ability to plan accentuates the wish to take initiative.
      • A balance between the child's emerging skills and desire for autonomy and the parent's need to protect and control the child's behavior.
      • Person perception: The ability to classify others based on categories like age, gender, and race.

    Social-Cognitive Development

    • Understanding rule categories: Young children use classification skills to distinguish between social conventions and moral rules.
    • Understanding others' intentions: Children begin to understand intentions in others and that intentional wrongdoing deserves a harsher punishment than unintentional rule transgression.

    Family Relationships & Attachment

    • Family relationships are one of the most important factors in early childhood development.
    • Attachment predicts behavior during preschool years, both in terms of regulated behavior and positive relationships with preschool teachers.
    • Insecurely attached preschoolers are more likely to develop negative, critical attitudes toward themselves.

    Parenting Styles & Family Functioning

    • Four aspects of family functioning:
      • Warmth/Nurturance
      • Clarity and consistency of rules
      • Level of expectations
      • Communication between parent and child

    Parenting Styles

    • Authoritarian: Low in nurturance and communication but high in control and maturity demands.
    • Permissive: High in nurturance and low in maturity demands, control, and communication.
    • Authoritative: High in nurturance, maturity demands, control, and communication.
    • Uninvolved: Low in nurturance, maturity demands, control, and communication; produces the most consistently negative outcomes.

    Discipline

    • Discipline is training (physical, mental, or moral) that develops self-control, moral character, and proper conduct.
    • There are problems with defining effective discipline strategies.
      • Effect: Difficult to establish the effects of discipline.
      • Intensity: Research hasn't determined how frequently and intensely discipline needs to be effective.

    Learning

    • Short-term: Physical and visual stimuli.
    • Long-term: Relates to familiar experiences, role models, repetition, reinforcement of new skills, stories.

    Screen Time & Preschoolers

    • Increased screen time is correlated with increased behavioral problems, lower levels of emotional understanding, and poorer vocabulary acquisition.
    • One hour increase in TV exposure corresponds to:
      • 7% decrease in class participation
      • 6% decrease in math proficiency
    • Higher screen time at age four is associated with lower levels of emotional understanding at age six.

    Screen Time Recommendations

    • Under two years old: Screen time is not recommended.
    • Two to five years old: Limit screen time to less than one hour per day.
    • Older than five: Limit screen time to less than two hours per day. (Canadian Paediatric Society)

    COVID, Screen Time, and Preschoolers

    • **The Good (ish): ** Some evidence suggests that interactive media involving contingent responses from adults (e.g., timely reactions to what a child says or does), can help children learn.
    • The Bad: Children who use apps for more than 30 minutes per day have significantly lower inhibition scores.
    • The Bad: Excessive screen time (more than 2-3 hours per day on any device) is moderately associated with lower self-regulation in preschoolers.

    Modeling Screen Time

    • Children under five need active play and quality family time to develop essential life skills, such as language, self-regulation, and creative thinking.

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    Description

    This quiz focuses on the physical development of children aged 4-6, highlighting the progression of gross and fine motor skills. It covers key milestones such as walking, running, and using tools like scissors. Test your knowledge on the important changes in physical abilities during these early years.

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