41 Questions
What happens to the lungs in the absence of surfactant due to prematurity?
They collapse and cannot take in air
What is the result of poor oxygenation in babies with collapsed lungs?
Tachypnea and cyanosis
What is the major mechanism for the interconversion of phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylserine?
Base exchange reaction
What is the enzyme responsible for converting phosphatidylethanolamine to phosphatidylserine through base exchange?
Phosphatidylethanolamine: serine transferase
What is the process by which phosphatidylserine is converted back to phosphatidylethanolamine?
Decarboxylation
Where does the minor pathway of interconversion between phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylserine occur?
Liver mitochondria
What happens to serine levels when blood clot formation is triggered?
Serine levels decrease
What is the result when ethanolamine of phosphatidylethanolamine undergoes base exchange with serine?
Phosphatidylserine is formed
What is the primary function of the hydroxyl group in the phosphatidate molecule?
To esterify to a phosphate group
What is the simplest phosphoglyceride, present in only small amounts in biological membranes?
Phosphatidate
Which type of phospholipid is primarily found in the mitochondria of active tissues?
Cardiolipin
What is the term for the bond formed between the phosphate group and the hydroxyl group of a base?
Phosphodiester bond
What is the term for the molecule labeled as 'X' in Figure #3?
Nitrogenous polar or hydrophilic group
What is the term for the molecule formed when a phosphate group is attached to a glycerol backbone and two fatty acid molecules?
1,2-diacylglycerol
What is the characteristic of the fatty acid molecule labeled as 'R2'?
Unsaturated fatty acid
What is the primary function of the phosphate group in phospholipids?
To form a hydrophilic head
What is the function of Gaq protein in the mechanism of action of prostaglandin and thromboxane?
It stimulates the influx of Ca2+
What is the result of the action of phospholipase C beta on PIP2?
It cleaves PIP2 into DAG and IP3
What is the effect of DAG on protein kinase C?
It stimulates protein kinase C
What is the number of double bonds in docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)?
6
What is the position of the double bonds in docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)?
C4, C7, C10, C13, C16, and C19
Why is docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) considered good?
It promotes the synthesis of more TXA3 than TXA2
What is the ω-series of the fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)?
ω-3
What is the nomenclature for the fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)?
Docosahexaenoic acid
What is the function of aspirin in the body?
To inhibit the synthesis of prostaglandins
What is the result of aspirin's inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis?
Decreased platelet aggregation
What is the mechanism of aspirin's inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis?
By acetylating a specific serine residue of prostaglandin H2 synthase
Why are patients who will undergo surgery taken off aspirin for several days prior to the surgery?
To prevent bleeding complications
What is the effect of low doses of aspirin on myocardial infarction?
It decreases the risk of myocardial infarction
What is the structure of prostaglandins?
They contain multiple functional groups
What is the result of PGH2 conversion to PGE2?
Pain and inflammation are alleviated
What is the enzyme responsible for the conversion of PGH2 to PGE2?
Isomerase (PGE synthase)
What is the characteristic feature of Niemann-Pick cells?
Foamy cytoplasm
What is the enzyme whose decreased activity is responsible for Niemann-Pick disease?
Sphingomyelinase
What was the cause of death in the 11-month-old infant?
Repeated infections
What is the result of sphingomyelinase deficiency?
Glycosphingolipid accumulation
What is the major sulfolipid of the brain?
Sulfatide
What is the composition of sulfatide?
Ceramide + Gal + Sulfate
What is the most complex glycosphingolipid?
Ganglioside
What is the composition of ganglioside?
Ceramide + Glu + Gal + NANA
What is the location of gangliosides?
Nerve endings
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