Phlebotomy Essentials 7th Edition Chapter 5

Questions and Answers

What is the abdominal cavity?

Body space between the diaphragm and the pelvis, which houses abdominal organs such as the stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, spleen, and kidneys

What is acidosis?

A dangerous condition in which the pH of the blood is abnormally low (acidic)

What does adipose mean?

Another term for fatty tissue

What is alkalosis?

A dangerous condition in which the pH of the blood is abnormally high (alkaline) Signup and view all the answers

What are alveoli?

Tiny air sacs in the lungs where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place Signup and view all the answers

What is amylase?

A digestive enzyme that breaks down starch Signup and view all the answers

What is anabolism?

The body converts simple compounds into complex substances needed to carry out the cellular activities of the body Signup and view all the answers

What is the anatomic position?

Standing erect with arms at the sides and eyes and palms facing forward Signup and view all the answers

What is anatomy?

Study of the structural composition of living things Signup and view all the answers

What does avascular mean?

Without blood or lymph vessels Signup and view all the answers

What are axons?

A nerve fiber that conducts impulses away from the nerve cell body Signup and view all the answers

What are body cavities?

Hollow body spaces that house body organs Signup and view all the answers

What is a body plane?

Flat surface of a real or imaginary cut through the body in the normal anatomic position Signup and view all the answers

What are bronchi?

Two airways that branch off the trachea and lead into the lungs Signup and view all the answers

What is a bursa?

A small synovial fluid-filled sac in the vicinity of a joint that eases friction between joint parts or tendons and bone Signup and view all the answers

What is cartilage?

A type of hard, non-vascular connective tissue Signup and view all the answers

What is catabolism?

The process by which complex substances are broken down into simple ones, including the digestion of food Signup and view all the answers

What is the cranial cavity?

Cavity that houses the brain Signup and view all the answers

What are dendrites?

Thread-like fibers that carry messages to a nerve cell Signup and view all the answers

What is DNA?

The main component of chromosomes (Deoxyribonucleic acid) Signup and view all the answers

What is the dermis?

Inner layer of the skin also called the true skin or corium Signup and view all the answers

What is the diaphragm?

Muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities Signup and view all the answers

What does distal mean?

Farthest from the center of the body, origin, or point of attachment Signup and view all the answers

What does dorsal mean?

Means 'at the back of the body or body part' Signup and view all the answers

What are endocrine glands?

Glands that secrete substances directly into the bloodstream Signup and view all the answers

What is the epidermis?

Outermost and thinnest layer of the skin Signup and view all the answers

What is EPO?

Hormone that stimulates red blood cell (RBC) production Signup and view all the answers

What are exocrine glands?

Glands that secrete substance through ducts Signup and view all the answers

What is external respiration?

Exchange of respiratory gases in the lungs Signup and view all the answers

What is the frontal (coronal) plane?

Divides the body vertically into front and back portions Signup and view all the answers

What are gametes?

Sex cells (sperm and egg) Signup and view all the answers

What are genes?

Segments of DNA that can reproduce themselves and are basic units of heredity Signup and view all the answers

What is a genome?

Complete set of DNA with all the genes of the 46 chromosomes Signup and view all the answers

What is the GI tract?

Sometimes called the alimentary tract (passage that extends from mouth to the anus) Signup and view all the answers

What is the glomerulus?

Tuft of capillaries that filter substances from the blood Signup and view all the answers

What is glucagon?

Pancreatic hormone that is required to move glucose into the cells Signup and view all the answers

What is hemopoiesis?

Production of blood cells Signup and view all the answers

What is homeostasis?

Balance or steady state Signup and view all the answers

What are hormones?

Chemical substances that affect many body processes Signup and view all the answers

What is IRDS?

Condition caused by lack of surfactant Signup and view all the answers

What is insulin?

Hormone that stimulates the liver to release glucose into the bloodstream Signup and view all the answers

What is integument?

Term that means covering or skin Signup and view all the answers

What is internal respiration?

Occurs when CO2 leaves the bloodstream and enters the cells Signup and view all the answers

What are kidneys?

Bean-shaped organs Signup and view all the answers

What is the larynx?

Medical term for voice box Signup and view all the answers

What is lipase?

Digestive enzyme secreted by the pancreas Signup and view all the answers

What is a lumbar puncture?

Spinal tap Signup and view all the answers

What are meninges?

Connective tissue that encloses the brain and spinal cord Signup and view all the answers

What is metabolism?

Sum of all physical and chemical reactions that sustain life Signup and view all the answers

What is the midsagittal (medial) plane?

Divides the body vertically into equal right and left portions Signup and view all the answers

What is mitosis?

Process by which cells divide Signup and view all the answers

What is a nephron?

Functional unit of the kidney Signup and view all the answers

What are neurons?

Fundamental units of the nervous system Signup and view all the answers

What is the nucleus?

Called the command center of the cell Signup and view all the answers

What are papillae?

Give rise to ridges and grooves that form the fingerprints Signup and view all the answers

What is the pelvic cavity?

Body cavity that houses the reproductive organs Signup and view all the answers

What is peristalsis?

Wavelike contractions of intestinal muscles Signup and view all the answers

What is the pharynx?

Medical term for the throat Signup and view all the answers

What is physiology?

Study of the function of living things Signup and view all the answers

What is the pituitary gland?

Gland that secretes hormones that control other glands Signup and view all the answers

What is pleura?

Membrane that encases the lungs Signup and view all the answers

What does prone mean?

Lying face down and the act of turning face down Signup and view all the answers

What does proximal mean?

Nearest the point of attachment Signup and view all the answers

What is the sagittal plane?

Divides the body vertically into right and left portions Signup and view all the answers

What is the spinal cavity?

Dorsal cavity that houses the spinal cord Signup and view all the answers

What does squamous mean?

Means flat or scale-like Signup and view all the answers

What does stratified mean?

Describes cells that are in layers Signup and view all the answers

What does subcutaneous mean?

Layer of connective and adipose tissue beneath the dermis Signup and view all the answers

What does supine mean?

Lying face up and the act of turning face up Signup and view all the answers

What is surfactant?

Substance that coats the alveoli Signup and view all the answers

What is synovial fluid?

Term for the fluid found in joints Signup and view all the answers

What is the thoracic cavity?

Ventral cavity that houses the lungs and heart Signup and view all the answers

What is the trachea?

Medical term for windpipe Signup and view all the answers

What is the transverse plane?

Divides the body horizontally into upper and lower portions Signup and view all the answers

What are ureters?

Narrow tubes that transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder Signup and view all the answers

What is the urethra?

Tube through which urine is voided to the outside of the body Signup and view all the answers

What is the urinary bladder?

Where urine is stored Signup and view all the answers

What does ventral mean?

Has the same meaning as anterior Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Body Cavity and Structures

Abdominal cavity: Contains organs such as the stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, spleen, and kidneys, situated between the diaphragm and pelvis.
Cranial cavity: Encloses the brain, part of the skull structure.
Pelvic cavity: Houses reproductive organs.
Thoracic cavity: Ventral cavity that contains the lungs and heart.
Spinal cavity: Dorsal cavity housing the spinal cord.

Respiratory System

Alveoli: Tiny air sacs in the lungs involved in gas exchange.
Bronchi: Airways that branch from the trachea into the lungs.
Trachea: Also known as the windpipe, a key structure in the respiratory tract.

Chemical and Biological Processes

Acidosis: Condition with abnormally low blood pH, indicating acid buildup.
Alkalosis: Condition with abnormally high blood pH, indicating excess base.
Anabolism: Building up of complex substances from simpler ones, crucial for cellular functions.
Catabolism: Breaking down of complex substances into simpler ones, important for metabolism.
Metabolism: Total of all chemical processes that sustain life, including anabolism and catabolism.

Anatomy and Positioning

Anatomic position: Standard reference position where the body stands upright, arms at sides, with palms and eyes facing forward.
Body planes: Include sagittal (divides body into left and right), midsagittal (equal left and right), transverse (horizontal division), and frontal (divides body into front and back).

Tissue and Cell Types

Adipose: Refers to fatty tissue, key in storage.
Avascular: Describes tissues without blood or lymph vessels, such as cartilage.
Dermis: Inner layer of skin, also called true skin or corium.
Epidermis: Outermost layer of skin, protecting underlying tissues.

Nervous and Endocrine Systems

Neurons: Fundamental units of the nervous system responsible for transmitting signals.
Axons: Nerve fibers that carry impulses away from the nerve cell body.
Endocrine glands: Release hormones directly into the bloodstream to regulate physiological functions.
Exocrine glands: Secrete substances through ducts, such as digestive enzymes.

Digestive and Urinary Systems

Amylase: Digestive enzyme that breaks down starch.
Lipase: Enzyme secreted by the pancreas for fat digestion.
Nephron: Functional unit of the kidney involved in filtering blood.
Ureters: Transport urine from kidneys to bladder.
Urinary bladder: Storage site for urine.

Additional Terms

Hemopoiesis: The production of blood cells.
Homeostasis: The state of balance in the body’s internal environment.
Surfactant: Substance that reduces surface tension in alveoli, aiding lung function.
Genes and Genome: Genes are segments of DNA, while genome refers to the complete set of DNA in an organism.

Facts on Movement and Muscle Function

Peristalsis: Wavelike muscular contractions in the intestines facilitating digestion.
Prone/Pronation: Lying face down.
Supine/Supination: Lying face up.

Key Conditions and Definitions

IRDS (Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome): Condition from a lack of surfactant in newborns.
Hormones: Chemical messengers that influence various bodily processes.

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Description

Test your knowledge with vocabulary from Chapter 5 of Phlebotomy Essentials, 7th edition. This quiz covers important terms related to the abdominal cavity, acidosis, and adipose tissue, enhancing your understanding of phlebotomy and its terminology.