Philosophy Exam Outline and Logic Review

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Questions and Answers

Which argument for God's existence posits that the universe's design implies a designer?

Teleological (correct)

Cosmological

Moral

Ontological

Saint Anselm's ontological argument is considered difficult to refute primarily because it relies on:

Personal experiences

Historical accounts

Logical necessity (correct)

Empirical evidence

According to Augustine, how is beauty defined?

As that which is pleasing to the senses

As a subjective experience

As a reflection of divine order and harmony (correct)

As a form of artistic expression

Which of Thomas Aquinas' Five Ways argues from the existence of motion to the existence of a first mover?

The Argument from Motion (C) Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the political spectrum, which philosopher would most accurately be described as a strong proponent of individual freedom with limited government intervention?

Locke (B) Signup and view all the answers

Hume's skepticism is most applicable when considering which theory?

Causation (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which ethical theory emphasizes moral duties and rules as the basis for determining the good in an action?

Deontological Ethics (B) Signup and view all the answers

According to Sartre, what does it mean for existence to precede essence?

We create our own meaning through our actions (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the focus of the Pre-Socratic philosophers?

The fundamental substance and principles of the natural world. (C) Signup and view all the answers

How did the Atomists' view of change differ from earlier Pre-Socratic philosophers?

They posited that change resulted from the rearrangement of indivisible particles. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between Socrates' philosophy and that of the Pre-Socratics?

Socrates was interested in the nature of human knowledge and virtue, while the Pre-Socratics explored the natural world. (D) Signup and view all the answers

According to Plato's Two Worlds Theory, what is the nature of 'Forms'?

They are perfect, unchanging, and eternal archetypes of everything that exists in the physical world. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the Demiurge in Plato's philosophy?

A craftsman who shapes the physical world based on the Forms. (C) Signup and view all the answers

How does Aristotle's view of epistemology differ from Plato's?

Aristotle thought knowledge is gained through sensory experience and observation of the world, while Plato stressed the importance of reason and innate knowledge. (A) Signup and view all the answers

According to Aristotle, what is 'substantial change'?

The complete transformation of one thing into a different kind of thing. (D) Signup and view all the answers

According to Aristotle, how is happiness achieved?

By consistently choosing the relative mean in actions and decisions between two extremes (D) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Exam Outline

Part A: Multiple Choice - 25 marks (Knowledge)
Part B: Matching - 25 marks (Thinking) - Match statements to philosophers and concepts to philosophical areas.
Part C: Short Answer - 25 marks (Communication) - Choose 5 of 20 questions, one from each category: The Greeks, Christian-Early Modern, Modern-Postmodern, and Miscellaneous.
Part D: Application Questions - 25 marks (Application) - Answer all questions in these categories: Plato, Aristotle, Ethics, Logic, and Miscellaneous.

Review Questions (Logic)

Syllogism Completion: Complete the following syllogisms, and evaluate their validity:
- 1. A, D; ~D; Ergo A. (Valid/Invalid)
- 2. All B are D; Some C are B; Ergo, All C are D. (Valid/Invalid)

Introduction to Philosophy

List the six areas of philosophy, and link relevant philosophers and theories.
Compare and contrast philosophy and science; and philosophy and religion.

Pre-Socratics

Identify the Pre-Socratics' primary research questions.
List known solutions proposed by famous pre-Socratic thinkers.

Socrates

Describe how Socrates's philosophy differs from Pre-Socratic thought.
Compare and contrast Socrates's views on happiness with Postmodern moral relativism.
Explain the significance of virtue in Socrates's philosophy.

Plato

Explain Plato's theory of Two Worlds.
Define Plato's concept of "Form."
Clarify Plato's concept of the Demiurge.
Link Plato's theory of the soul to his theory of the ideal state.
Describe Plato's epistemology.

Aristotle

Contrast Aristotle's epistemology with Plato's.
Differentiate between accidental and substantial change, and connect this to Aristotle's concept of Being.
Explain Aristotle's concept of happiness.
Detail how Aristotle's theory of the soul relates to his concept of happiness, and whether his theory of the Golden Mean is relative or absolute.

The Christian Era

Define teleological, ontological, and cosmological arguments for God.
Describe St. Anselm's ontological proof. Explain its difficulties.
Explain St. Augustine's approach to the problem of evil.
Define St. Augustine's concept of beauty.
Outline the criteria for a Just War.
Explain St. Thomas Aquinas's Five Ways.
Discuss the strengths of Aquinas's arguments for virtue relating to happiness.
Describe the Double Effect Theory.

The Early Modern Era

Categorize Hobbes, Locke, Rousseau, and Marx's political philosophies on a modern political spectrum.
Explain Hume's theory of causation and how it relates to his skepticism.
Describe Kant's Categorical Imperative.

Later Modern Era/Post-Modern Era

Explain how different ethical theories determine what is "Good."
Define Existentialism and its evolution from Kierkegaard to Nietzsche.
Discuss various definitions of art throughout history.
Explain why existentialism became prominent in post-WWII Europe.
Critique the philosophy of Utilitarianism.
Explain the philosophy of Nietzsche "slave morality."
Explain Sartre's concept of "existence precedes essence."
Describe the main theories of defining art and associated philosophers.

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Description

This quiz covers major topics in philosophy, including the contributions of ancient philosophers and various philosophical areas. Students will explore logical reasoning through syllogism completion and evaluate the connections between philosophy, science, and religion. Get ready to apply critical thinking and demonstrate knowledge in key philosophical concepts.