Podcast
Questions and Answers
This argument is ____.
This argument is ____.
deductive
This argument is ____.
This argument is ____.
valid
The fallacy that occurs when an argument uses the same term with multiple meanings in a confusing way is called _____.
The fallacy that occurs when an argument uses the same term with multiple meanings in a confusing way is called _____.
equivocation
Which of the following is a necessary truth? (Select all that apply)
Which of the following is a necessary truth? (Select all that apply)
Signup and view all the answers
Some invalid arguments have true conclusions.
Some invalid arguments have true conclusions.
Signup and view all the answers
The Apology is an account of the defense speech at the trial of _____.
The Apology is an account of the defense speech at the trial of _____.
Signup and view all the answers
The charges against Socrates included not believing in the gods of the city and _____.
The charges against Socrates included not believing in the gods of the city and _____.
Signup and view all the answers
The three groups that oppose Socrates are the orators, the poets, and the _____.
The three groups that oppose Socrates are the orators, the poets, and the _____.
Signup and view all the answers
Socrates compares himself to a _____, keeping Athens awake.
Socrates compares himself to a _____, keeping Athens awake.
Signup and view all the answers
When contemplating the penalty after his conviction, Socrates says that he should receive _____.
When contemplating the penalty after his conviction, Socrates says that he should receive _____.
Signup and view all the answers
Anselm would rather _____ to understand God.
Anselm would rather _____ to understand God.
Signup and view all the answers
Anselm argues that the thing than which nothing greater can be conceived exists in understanding and ____.
Anselm argues that the thing than which nothing greater can be conceived exists in understanding and ____.
Signup and view all the answers
What is the thing than which a greater can't be conceived?
What is the thing than which a greater can't be conceived?
Signup and view all the answers
The first way to conceive of something is to use _____ to signify it.
The first way to conceive of something is to use _____ to signify it.
Signup and view all the answers
Anselm believes that God is _____ can be conceived.
Anselm believes that God is _____ can be conceived.
Signup and view all the answers
Thomas Aquinas _____ with St. Anselm's ontological argument.
Thomas Aquinas _____ with St. Anselm's ontological argument.
Signup and view all the answers
There are ____ ways, Aquinas states, to prove that God exists.
There are ____ ways, Aquinas states, to prove that God exists.
Signup and view all the answers
Efficient causes come in _____.
Efficient causes come in _____.
Signup and view all the answers
If something can fail to exist, according to Thomas Aquinas, there must have been a time at which it has failed to exist.
If something can fail to exist, according to Thomas Aquinas, there must have been a time at which it has failed to exist.
Signup and view all the answers
Things in the world seem to act for a _____.
Things in the world seem to act for a _____.
Signup and view all the answers
Does Pascal think you can know the existence of a thing, without knowing its nature?
Does Pascal think you can know the existence of a thing, without knowing its nature?
Signup and view all the answers
_____ cannot decide if God exists or not.
_____ cannot decide if God exists or not.
Signup and view all the answers
Wagering is not _____.
Wagering is not _____.
Signup and view all the answers
Pascal calls glory and luxury _____.
Pascal calls glory and luxury _____.
Signup and view all the answers
Pascal warns that it is never a good idea to act if you are not completely certain.
Pascal warns that it is never a good idea to act if you are not completely certain.
Signup and view all the answers
Stump considers examples of human _____ in posing the problem of evil.
Stump considers examples of human _____ in posing the problem of evil.
Signup and view all the answers
The mirror of evil shows us our world and _____.
The mirror of evil shows us our world and _____.
Signup and view all the answers
The _____ gives a moral response to suffering, trying to eliminate evil.
The _____ gives a moral response to suffering, trying to eliminate evil.
Signup and view all the answers
Stump uses the term '_____' to refer to the opposite of 'real wickedness.'
Stump uses the term '_____' to refer to the opposite of 'real wickedness.'
Signup and view all the answers
Stump believes that someone adopting her view should not engage in social action.
Stump believes that someone adopting her view should not engage in social action.
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following was a famous headline on the cover of Time magazine in 1966?
Which of the following was a famous headline on the cover of Time magazine in 1966?
Signup and view all the answers
Antony thinks that as a young person she identified being religious with being _____.
Antony thinks that as a young person she identified being religious with being _____.
Signup and view all the answers
In the dialogue Euthyphro, Euthyphro claims that pious acts are the ones _____.
In the dialogue Euthyphro, Euthyphro claims that pious acts are the ones _____.
Signup and view all the answers
In Antony's view, Socrates' argument against Euthyphro suggests that there can be goodness only if God exists.
In Antony's view, Socrates' argument against Euthyphro suggests that there can be goodness only if God exists.
Signup and view all the answers
Antony worries that TV and movies celebrate _____ as being better than reason.
Antony worries that TV and movies celebrate _____ as being better than reason.
Signup and view all the answers
For the purposes of the meditation, Descartes wants to reject any belief in which there is ground for ____.
For the purposes of the meditation, Descartes wants to reject any belief in which there is ground for ____.
Signup and view all the answers
In order to doubt that the world is as it appears, Descartes suggests that it is possible that he is ____.
In order to doubt that the world is as it appears, Descartes suggests that it is possible that he is ____.
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following disciplines does Descartes think is more difficult to doubt than the others?
Which of the following disciplines does Descartes think is more difficult to doubt than the others?
Signup and view all the answers
Even if God would not deceive me, Descartes proposes that I might be systematically confused by an evil ____.
Even if God would not deceive me, Descartes proposes that I might be systematically confused by an evil ____.
Signup and view all the answers
What's the one thing that I cannot doubt?
What's the one thing that I cannot doubt?
Signup and view all the answers
_____ is a kind of thinking.
_____ is a kind of thinking.
Signup and view all the answers
A piece of wax is perceived by me to be the same piece of wax even when it ____.
A piece of wax is perceived by me to be the same piece of wax even when it ____.
Signup and view all the answers
When Descartes sees hats and coats crossing the square, he _____ that they are people.
When Descartes sees hats and coats crossing the square, he _____ that they are people.
Signup and view all the answers
The only thoughts that can be false are ____.
The only thoughts that can be false are ____.
Signup and view all the answers
Descartes emphasizes that some ideas are clear and ____.
Descartes emphasizes that some ideas are clear and ____.
Signup and view all the answers
Descartes reasons that the idea of God must have been caused by ____.
Descartes reasons that the idea of God must have been caused by ____.
Signup and view all the answers
Descartes considers fraud and deception to contain ____.
Descartes considers fraud and deception to contain ____.
Signup and view all the answers
While an absence is simply a lack of something, a _____ is a lack of something that ought to be.
While an absence is simply a lack of something, a _____ is a lack of something that ought to be.
Signup and view all the answers
Descartes points out that my freedom of will seems to be ____.
Descartes points out that my freedom of will seems to be ____.
Signup and view all the answers
Descartes maintains that the universe is more perfect overall than it would be if nothing was subject to error.
Descartes maintains that the universe is more perfect overall than it would be if nothing was subject to error.
Signup and view all the answers
I can be certain about geometrical truths that ____.
I can be certain about geometrical truths that ____.
Signup and view all the answers
Descartes states that he can't think of a mountain without a ____.
Descartes states that he can't think of a mountain without a ____.
Signup and view all the answers
Descartes holds that everything evident to my understanding is true even if I am dreaming.
Descartes holds that everything evident to my understanding is true even if I am dreaming.
Signup and view all the answers
Which geometrical figure has 1,000 sides?
Which geometrical figure has 1,000 sides?
Signup and view all the answers
For Descartes, the powers of imagination and understanding are ____.
For Descartes, the powers of imagination and understanding are ____.
Signup and view all the answers
All the reality contained in an idea, Descartes reasons, must be contained _____ or eminently in the substance that causes the idea.
All the reality contained in an idea, Descartes reasons, must be contained _____ or eminently in the substance that causes the idea.
Signup and view all the answers
The mind and body differ in that the mind is ____.
The mind and body differ in that the mind is ____.
Signup and view all the answers
_____ is the philosophical position in epistemology that doubts the truth of everyday belief.
_____ is the philosophical position in epistemology that doubts the truth of everyday belief.
Signup and view all the answers
A more contemporary version of Descartes' evil demon hypothesis asks if I might be a ____.
A more contemporary version of Descartes' evil demon hypothesis asks if I might be a ____.
Signup and view all the answers
Hilary Putnam argued that many skeptical claims are incoherent because the sentences used don't refer to anything.
Hilary Putnam argued that many skeptical claims are incoherent because the sentences used don't refer to anything.
Signup and view all the answers
Robert Nozick's experience machine thought experiment helps us decide whether only _____ ultimately matters.
Robert Nozick's experience machine thought experiment helps us decide whether only _____ ultimately matters.
Signup and view all the answers
Wittgenstein said that explanations can go on and on forever without coming to an end.
Wittgenstein said that explanations can go on and on forever without coming to an end.
Signup and view all the answers
Hume separates the question about the existence of objects into two parts: That of their continued existence when unobserved and the question of their _____ existence from the mind and perception.
Hume separates the question about the existence of objects into two parts: That of their continued existence when unobserved and the question of their _____ existence from the mind and perception.
Signup and view all the answers
The notion of external existence is _____ if it is taken for something different from our perceptions, Hume insists.
The notion of external existence is _____ if it is taken for something different from our perceptions, Hume insists.
Signup and view all the answers
How are all actions and sensations of the mind known to us?
How are all actions and sensations of the mind known to us?
Signup and view all the answers
Only an argument from ______ can assure us of a matter of fact.
Only an argument from ______ can assure us of a matter of fact.
Signup and view all the answers
The belief in the independence and continuing existence of external objects comes from ____.
The belief in the independence and continuing existence of external objects comes from ____.
Signup and view all the answers
Hume argues that identity is in a way in the middle between _____ and number.
Hume argues that identity is in a way in the middle between _____ and number.
Signup and view all the answers
In Hume's opinion, every person--even a philosopher--forgets about the 'double existence' and usually assumes that the perception is the object.
In Hume's opinion, every person--even a philosopher--forgets about the 'double existence' and usually assumes that the perception is the object.
Signup and view all the answers
The mind, Hume claims, is a ____ of perceptions.
The mind, Hume claims, is a ____ of perceptions.
Signup and view all the answers
For Hume, belief is the _____ of an idea.
For Hume, belief is the _____ of an idea.
Signup and view all the answers
In the subjective formation of belief in the external world, which comes first--the continued or independent existence of objects?
In the subjective formation of belief in the external world, which comes first--the continued or independent existence of objects?
Signup and view all the answers
Utilitarianism focuses on the _____ of our actions.
Utilitarianism focuses on the _____ of our actions.
Signup and view all the answers
_____ and John Stuart Mill were utilitarian philosophers.
_____ and John Stuart Mill were utilitarian philosophers.
Signup and view all the answers
Utilitarians believe that the goal of all action should be ____.
Utilitarians believe that the goal of all action should be ____.
Signup and view all the answers
Some utilitarians came up with _____ utilitarianism to avoid undesirable outcomes.
Some utilitarians came up with _____ utilitarianism to avoid undesirable outcomes.
Signup and view all the answers
A moral obligation is called a ____.
A moral obligation is called a ____.
Signup and view all the answers
Practical requirements that are not duties, but instead only bind if you have certain interests, aims, or desires, are called ____.
Practical requirements that are not duties, but instead only bind if you have certain interests, aims, or desires, are called ____.
Signup and view all the answers
Inescapable practical requirements--the ones that bind no matter what your interests, aims, and desires are--are called ____.
Inescapable practical requirements--the ones that bind no matter what your interests, aims, and desires are--are called ____.
Signup and view all the answers
If a practical authority ought to be obeyed, there should be ____ why this is the case.
If a practical authority ought to be obeyed, there should be ____ why this is the case.
Signup and view all the answers
_____ behavior follows from not acknowledging for ourselves reasons we think should hold for others.
_____ behavior follows from not acknowledging for ourselves reasons we think should hold for others.
Signup and view all the answers
Kant believed that becoming a person is something we aspire to achieve by transcending our current, momentary selves.
Kant believed that becoming a person is something we aspire to achieve by transcending our current, momentary selves.
Signup and view all the answers
Beings that are _____ have access to a shared perspective.
Beings that are _____ have access to a shared perspective.
Signup and view all the answers
You should not act on the basis of reasons whose validity cannot be _____ among all reasoners.
You should not act on the basis of reasons whose validity cannot be _____ among all reasoners.
Signup and view all the answers
Rather than giving moral rules, Aristotle teaches that you should build _____ to become a good person.
Rather than giving moral rules, Aristotle teaches that you should build _____ to become a good person.
Signup and view all the answers
We are made by nature to become virtuous, just like ____ are made to become oak trees.
We are made by nature to become virtuous, just like ____ are made to become oak trees.
Signup and view all the answers
For Aristotle, a virtue is a _____ between extremes.
For Aristotle, a virtue is a _____ between extremes.
Signup and view all the answers
Aristotle believed that we should model ourselves on moral _____ who already possess virtue.
Aristotle believed that we should model ourselves on moral _____ who already possess virtue.
Signup and view all the answers
The virtuous person can achieve _____, the state of happiness that comes with flourishing.
The virtuous person can achieve _____, the state of happiness that comes with flourishing.
Signup and view all the answers
_____ , agrees Aristotle, is that at which all things aim.
_____ , agrees Aristotle, is that at which all things aim.
Signup and view all the answers
The art of _____ studies the chief good for humanity.
The art of _____ studies the chief good for humanity.
Signup and view all the answers
In Aristotle's philosophy, the good for a human is an activity of the soul in accordance with ____.
In Aristotle's philosophy, the good for a human is an activity of the soul in accordance with ____.
Signup and view all the answers
One irrational element in the soul common to all species is responsible for ____.
One irrational element in the soul common to all species is responsible for ____.
Signup and view all the answers
In Aristotle's classification, some virtues are _____ and some are moral.
In Aristotle's classification, some virtues are _____ and some are moral.
Signup and view all the answers
An argument is _____ if it satisfies the following condition: If its premises were true, then its conclusion would have to be true.
An argument is _____ if it satisfies the following condition: If its premises were true, then its conclusion would have to be true.
Signup and view all the answers
An argument is _____ if it is valid and all its premises are true.
An argument is _____ if it is valid and all its premises are true.
Signup and view all the answers
Sound arguments can never have false conclusions.
Sound arguments can never have false conclusions.
Signup and view all the answers
Valid arguments can have false conclusions.
Valid arguments can have false conclusions.
Signup and view all the answers
Invalid arguments can have true conclusions.
Invalid arguments can have true conclusions.
Signup and view all the answers
When an argument uses the same term with multiple meanings in a confusing way, it just might be the fallacy of _____.
When an argument uses the same term with multiple meanings in a confusing way, it just might be the fallacy of _____.
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Logic and Philosophy Overview
- Deductive arguments assert that if the premises are true, the conclusion must also be true. Example: If all IUK students can pass philosophy and Rita is an IUK student, then Rita can pass philosophy.
- Valid arguments are those where if the premises are true, the conclusion is logically derived, regardless of the actual truth of the premises.
- Equivocation occurs when a word with multiple meanings is used in a misleading way in arguments.
Necessary Truths
- A necessary truth is something that must always be true. Example: "All squares have four sides."
Socrates and the Apology
- Socrates was charged with not believing in the city’s gods and corrupting the youth.
- His three main opponents included orators, poets, and craftsmen.
- Socrates compares himself to a gadfly, aiming to stimulate critical thinking in Athens.
- After his conviction, Socrates suggests he deserves free meals for life as a reward for his service to society.
Anselm's Arguments
- Anselm suggests that believing in God helps one to understand God, arguing that the greatest conceivable being (God) must exist in reality.
- He emphasizes that God exists not only in understanding but also in reality.
- Anselm argues against Thomas Aquinas' ontological perspective, as Aquinas maintains five ways to prove God's existence.
Pascal's Wager
- Pascal argues that reason alone cannot determine God’s existence and that wagering on God's existence is not optional.
- He cautions against the seductive nature of glory and luxury, labeling them as "poisonous pleasures."
- Pascal believes that certainty is not required for action; one can act without complete confidence.
Philosophical Perspectives on Evil
- Stump discusses human suffering concerning the problem of evil.
- She uses the Good Samaritan as a moral response to suffering, highlighting true goodness against real wickedness.
- Stump supports social action in addressing evil.
Epistemology and Skepticism
- Hume explores the existence and independence of objects, raising skepticism about our perceptions.
- He posits that beliefs about external objects arise from imagination and experience, not certainty.
- Hume asserts that the mind is essentially a collection of perceptions, and belief is tied to the vivacity of an idea.
Utilitarianism
- Focuses on the consequences of actions, aiming for the greatest happiness.
- Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill are key figures in utilitarian philosophy.
- Rule utilitarianism was developed to prevent morally undesirable outcomes from strict act utilitarianism.
Kant and Moral Philosophy
- Kant argues that moral rules should be universally applicable and that immorality arises from ignoring reasons that should apply to all.
- He believes true moral development requires aspiring beyond momentary desires.
Aristotelian Ethics
- Aristotle teaches that virtue is a mean between extremes and emphasizes the importance of character in moral development.
- The ultimate aim for humans is achieving eudaimonia, a state of flourishing in accordance with virtue.
Argument Validity
- An argument is considered valid if true premises lead to a true conclusion; sound arguments are both valid and have true premises.
- Valid arguments can still result in false conclusions, while invalid arguments can have true conclusions.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
This quiz explores essential concepts in logic and philosophy, including deductive arguments, necessary truths, and Socrates' role in the Apology. It highlights the importance of valid arguments and addresses the use of equivocation in philosophy. Test your understanding of these fundamental ideas.
