Logic and Philosophy Overview

This argument is ____.

This argument is ____.

The fallacy that occurs when an argument uses the same term with multiple meanings in a confusing way is called _____.

Which of the following is a necessary truth? (Select all that apply)

Some invalid arguments have true conclusions.

The Apology is an account of the defense speech at the trial of _____.

The charges against Socrates included not believing in the gods of the city and _____.

The three groups that oppose Socrates are the orators, the poets, and the _____.

Socrates compares himself to a _____, keeping Athens awake.

When contemplating the penalty after his conviction, Socrates says that he should receive _____.

Anselm would rather _____ to understand God.

Anselm argues that the thing than which nothing greater can be conceived exists in understanding and ____.

What is the thing than which a greater can't be conceived?

The first way to conceive of something is to use _____ to signify it.

Anselm believes that God is _____ can be conceived.

Thomas Aquinas _____ with St. Anselm's ontological argument.

There are ____ ways, Aquinas states, to prove that God exists.

Efficient causes come in _____.

If something can fail to exist, according to Thomas Aquinas, there must have been a time at which it has failed to exist.

Things in the world seem to act for a _____.

Does Pascal think you can know the existence of a thing, without knowing its nature?

_____ cannot decide if God exists or not.

Wagering is not _____.

Pascal calls glory and luxury _____.

Pascal warns that it is never a good idea to act if you are not completely certain.

Stump considers examples of human _____ in posing the problem of evil.

The mirror of evil shows us our world and _____.

The _____ gives a moral response to suffering, trying to eliminate evil.

Stump uses the term '_____' to refer to the opposite of 'real wickedness.'

Stump believes that someone adopting her view should not engage in social action.

Which of the following was a famous headline on the cover of Time magazine in 1966?

Antony thinks that as a young person she identified being religious with being _____.

In the dialogue Euthyphro, Euthyphro claims that pious acts are the ones _____.

In Antony's view, Socrates' argument against Euthyphro suggests that there can be goodness only if God exists.

Antony worries that TV and movies celebrate _____ as being better than reason.

For the purposes of the meditation, Descartes wants to reject any belief in which there is ground for ____.

In order to doubt that the world is as it appears, Descartes suggests that it is possible that he is ____.

Which of the following disciplines does Descartes think is more difficult to doubt than the others?

Even if God would not deceive me, Descartes proposes that I might be systematically confused by an evil ____.

What's the one thing that I cannot doubt?

_____ is a kind of thinking.

A piece of wax is perceived by me to be the same piece of wax even when it ____.

When Descartes sees hats and coats crossing the square, he _____ that they are people.

The only thoughts that can be false are ____.

Descartes emphasizes that some ideas are clear and ____.

Descartes reasons that the idea of God must have been caused by ____.

Descartes considers fraud and deception to contain ____.

While an absence is simply a lack of something, a _____ is a lack of something that ought to be.

Descartes points out that my freedom of will seems to be ____.

Descartes maintains that the universe is more perfect overall than it would be if nothing was subject to error.

I can be certain about geometrical truths that ____.

Descartes states that he can't think of a mountain without a ____.

Descartes holds that everything evident to my understanding is true even if I am dreaming.

Which geometrical figure has 1,000 sides?

For Descartes, the powers of imagination and understanding are ____.

All the reality contained in an idea, Descartes reasons, must be contained _____ or eminently in the substance that causes the idea.

The mind and body differ in that the mind is ____.

_____ is the philosophical position in epistemology that doubts the truth of everyday belief.

A more contemporary version of Descartes' evil demon hypothesis asks if I might be a ____.

Hilary Putnam argued that many skeptical claims are incoherent because the sentences used don't refer to anything.

Robert Nozick's experience machine thought experiment helps us decide whether only _____ ultimately matters.

Wittgenstein said that explanations can go on and on forever without coming to an end.

Hume separates the question about the existence of objects into two parts: That of their continued existence when unobserved and the question of their _____ existence from the mind and perception.

The notion of external existence is _____ if it is taken for something different from our perceptions, Hume insists.

How are all actions and sensations of the mind known to us?

Only an argument from ______ can assure us of a matter of fact.

The belief in the independence and continuing existence of external objects comes from ____.

Hume argues that identity is in a way in the middle between _____ and number.

In Hume's opinion, every person--even a philosopher--forgets about the 'double existence' and usually assumes that the perception is the object.

The mind, Hume claims, is a ____ of perceptions.

For Hume, belief is the _____ of an idea.

In the subjective formation of belief in the external world, which comes first--the continued or independent existence of objects?

Utilitarianism focuses on the _____ of our actions.

_____ and John Stuart Mill were utilitarian philosophers.

Utilitarians believe that the goal of all action should be ____.

Some utilitarians came up with _____ utilitarianism to avoid undesirable outcomes.

A moral obligation is called a ____.

Practical requirements that are not duties, but instead only bind if you have certain interests, aims, or desires, are called ____.

Inescapable practical requirements--the ones that bind no matter what your interests, aims, and desires are--are called ____.

If a practical authority ought to be obeyed, there should be ____ why this is the case.

_____ behavior follows from not acknowledging for ourselves reasons we think should hold for others.

Kant believed that becoming a person is something we aspire to achieve by transcending our current, momentary selves.

Beings that are _____ have access to a shared perspective.

You should not act on the basis of reasons whose validity cannot be _____ among all reasoners.

Rather than giving moral rules, Aristotle teaches that you should build _____ to become a good person.

We are made by nature to become virtuous, just like ____ are made to become oak trees.

For Aristotle, a virtue is a _____ between extremes.

Aristotle believed that we should model ourselves on moral _____ who already possess virtue.

The virtuous person can achieve _____, the state of happiness that comes with flourishing.

_____ , agrees Aristotle, is that at which all things aim.

The art of _____ studies the chief good for humanity.

In Aristotle's philosophy, the good for a human is an activity of the soul in accordance with ____.

One irrational element in the soul common to all species is responsible for ____.

In Aristotle's classification, some virtues are _____ and some are moral.

An argument is _____ if it satisfies the following condition: If its premises were true, then its conclusion would have to be true.

An argument is _____ if it is valid and all its premises are true.

Sound arguments can never have false conclusions.

Valid arguments can have false conclusions.

Invalid arguments can have true conclusions.

When an argument uses the same term with multiple meanings in a confusing way, it just might be the fallacy of _____.