Logic and Philosophy Overview

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Questions and Answers

This argument is ____.

deductive

This argument is ____.

valid

The fallacy that occurs when an argument uses the same term with multiple meanings in a confusing way is called _____.

equivocation

Which of the following is a necessary truth? (Select all that apply)

All squares have four sides. Signup and view all the answers

Some invalid arguments have true conclusions.

True Signup and view all the answers

The Apology is an account of the defense speech at the trial of _____.

Socrates Signup and view all the answers

The charges against Socrates included not believing in the gods of the city and _____.

corrupting the youth Signup and view all the answers

The three groups that oppose Socrates are the orators, the poets, and the _____.

craftsman Signup and view all the answers

Socrates compares himself to a _____, keeping Athens awake.

gadfly Signup and view all the answers

When contemplating the penalty after his conviction, Socrates says that he should receive _____.

free meals Signup and view all the answers

Anselm would rather _____ to understand God.

believe in God Signup and view all the answers

Anselm argues that the thing than which nothing greater can be conceived exists in understanding and ____.

reality Signup and view all the answers

What is the thing than which a greater can't be conceived?

God Signup and view all the answers

The first way to conceive of something is to use _____ to signify it.

words Signup and view all the answers

Anselm believes that God is _____ can be conceived.

greater than Signup and view all the answers

Thomas Aquinas _____ with St. Anselm's ontological argument.

disagrees Signup and view all the answers

There are ____ ways, Aquinas states, to prove that God exists.

five Signup and view all the answers

Efficient causes come in _____.

series Signup and view all the answers

If something can fail to exist, according to Thomas Aquinas, there must have been a time at which it has failed to exist.

True Signup and view all the answers

Things in the world seem to act for a _____.

purpose Signup and view all the answers

Does Pascal think you can know the existence of a thing, without knowing its nature?

False Signup and view all the answers

_____ cannot decide if God exists or not.

Reason Signup and view all the answers

Wagering is not _____.

optional Signup and view all the answers

Pascal calls glory and luxury _____.

poisonous pleasures Signup and view all the answers

Pascal warns that it is never a good idea to act if you are not completely certain.

False Signup and view all the answers

Stump considers examples of human _____ in posing the problem of evil.

suffering Signup and view all the answers

The mirror of evil shows us our world and _____.

ourselves Signup and view all the answers

The _____ gives a moral response to suffering, trying to eliminate evil.

Good Samaritan Signup and view all the answers

Stump uses the term '_____' to refer to the opposite of 'real wickedness.'

true goodness Signup and view all the answers

Stump believes that someone adopting her view should not engage in social action.

False Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was a famous headline on the cover of Time magazine in 1966?

Is God dead? Signup and view all the answers

Antony thinks that as a young person she identified being religious with being _____.

good Signup and view all the answers

In the dialogue Euthyphro, Euthyphro claims that pious acts are the ones _____.

loved by the gods Signup and view all the answers

In Antony's view, Socrates' argument against Euthyphro suggests that there can be goodness only if God exists.

False Signup and view all the answers

Antony worries that TV and movies celebrate _____ as being better than reason.

Imagination Signup and view all the answers

For the purposes of the meditation, Descartes wants to reject any belief in which there is ground for ____.

doubt Signup and view all the answers

In order to doubt that the world is as it appears, Descartes suggests that it is possible that he is ____.

dreaming Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following disciplines does Descartes think is more difficult to doubt than the others?

Geometry Signup and view all the answers

Even if God would not deceive me, Descartes proposes that I might be systematically confused by an evil ____.

demon Signup and view all the answers

What's the one thing that I cannot doubt?

that I exist Signup and view all the answers

_____ is a kind of thinking.

willing or sensing Signup and view all the answers

A piece of wax is perceived by me to be the same piece of wax even when it ____.

melts Signup and view all the answers

When Descartes sees hats and coats crossing the square, he _____ that they are people.

judges Signup and view all the answers

The only thoughts that can be false are ____.

judgements Signup and view all the answers

Descartes emphasizes that some ideas are clear and ____.

distinct Signup and view all the answers

Descartes reasons that the idea of God must have been caused by ____.

God Signup and view all the answers

Descartes considers fraud and deception to contain ____.

imperfection Signup and view all the answers

While an absence is simply a lack of something, a _____ is a lack of something that ought to be.

deprivation Signup and view all the answers

Descartes points out that my freedom of will seems to be ____.

unrestricted Signup and view all the answers

Descartes maintains that the universe is more perfect overall than it would be if nothing was subject to error.

True Signup and view all the answers

I can be certain about geometrical truths that ____.

I didn't make them up Signup and view all the answers

Descartes states that he can't think of a mountain without a ____.

valley Signup and view all the answers

Descartes holds that everything evident to my understanding is true even if I am dreaming.

True Signup and view all the answers

Which geometrical figure has 1,000 sides?

chiliagon Signup and view all the answers

For Descartes, the powers of imagination and understanding are ____.

distinct Signup and view all the answers

All the reality contained in an idea, Descartes reasons, must be contained _____ or eminently in the substance that causes the idea.

formally Signup and view all the answers

The mind and body differ in that the mind is ____.

indivisible Signup and view all the answers

_____ is the philosophical position in epistemology that doubts the truth of everyday belief.

skepticism Signup and view all the answers

A more contemporary version of Descartes' evil demon hypothesis asks if I might be a ____.

brain in a vat Signup and view all the answers

Hilary Putnam argued that many skeptical claims are incoherent because the sentences used don't refer to anything.

True Signup and view all the answers

Robert Nozick's experience machine thought experiment helps us decide whether only _____ ultimately matters.

conscious experience Signup and view all the answers

Wittgenstein said that explanations can go on and on forever without coming to an end.

False Signup and view all the answers

Hume separates the question about the existence of objects into two parts: That of their continued existence when unobserved and the question of their _____ existence from the mind and perception.

distinct Signup and view all the answers

The notion of external existence is _____ if it is taken for something different from our perceptions, Hume insists.

an absurdity Signup and view all the answers

How are all actions and sensations of the mind known to us?

by consciousness Signup and view all the answers

Only an argument from ______ can assure us of a matter of fact.

cause and effect Signup and view all the answers

The belief in the independence and continuing existence of external objects comes from ____.

imagination Signup and view all the answers

Hume argues that identity is in a way in the middle between _____ and number.

unity Signup and view all the answers

In Hume's opinion, every person--even a philosopher--forgets about the 'double existence' and usually assumes that the perception is the object.

True Signup and view all the answers

The mind, Hume claims, is a ____ of perceptions.

heap or collection Signup and view all the answers

For Hume, belief is the _____ of an idea.

vivacity Signup and view all the answers

In the subjective formation of belief in the external world, which comes first--the continued or independent existence of objects?

continued existence Signup and view all the answers

Utilitarianism focuses on the _____ of our actions.

consequences Signup and view all the answers

_____ and John Stuart Mill were utilitarian philosophers.

Jeremy Bentham Signup and view all the answers

Utilitarians believe that the goal of all action should be ____.

happiness Signup and view all the answers

Some utilitarians came up with _____ utilitarianism to avoid undesirable outcomes.

rule Signup and view all the answers

A moral obligation is called a ____.

duty Signup and view all the answers

Practical requirements that are not duties, but instead only bind if you have certain interests, aims, or desires, are called ____.

hypothetical Signup and view all the answers

Inescapable practical requirements--the ones that bind no matter what your interests, aims, and desires are--are called ____.

categorical Signup and view all the answers

If a practical authority ought to be obeyed, there should be ____ why this is the case.

reasons Signup and view all the answers

_____ behavior follows from not acknowledging for ourselves reasons we think should hold for others.

immoral Signup and view all the answers

Kant believed that becoming a person is something we aspire to achieve by transcending our current, momentary selves.

True Signup and view all the answers

Beings that are _____ have access to a shared perspective.

rational Signup and view all the answers

You should not act on the basis of reasons whose validity cannot be _____ among all reasoners.

common knowledge Signup and view all the answers

Rather than giving moral rules, Aristotle teaches that you should build _____ to become a good person.

character Signup and view all the answers

We are made by nature to become virtuous, just like ____ are made to become oak trees.

acorns Signup and view all the answers

For Aristotle, a virtue is a _____ between extremes.

midpoint Signup and view all the answers

Aristotle believed that we should model ourselves on moral _____ who already possess virtue.

exemplars Signup and view all the answers

The virtuous person can achieve _____, the state of happiness that comes with flourishing.

eudaimonia Signup and view all the answers

_____ , agrees Aristotle, is that at which all things aim.

the good Signup and view all the answers

The art of _____ studies the chief good for humanity.

politics Signup and view all the answers

In Aristotle's philosophy, the good for a human is an activity of the soul in accordance with ____.

virtue Signup and view all the answers

One irrational element in the soul common to all species is responsible for ____.

nutrition and growth Signup and view all the answers

In Aristotle's classification, some virtues are _____ and some are moral.

intellectual Signup and view all the answers

An argument is _____ if it satisfies the following condition: If its premises were true, then its conclusion would have to be true.

valid Signup and view all the answers

An argument is _____ if it is valid and all its premises are true.

sound Signup and view all the answers

Sound arguments can never have false conclusions.

True Signup and view all the answers

Valid arguments can have false conclusions.

True Signup and view all the answers

Invalid arguments can have true conclusions.

True Signup and view all the answers

When an argument uses the same term with multiple meanings in a confusing way, it just might be the fallacy of _____.

equivocation Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Logic and Philosophy Overview

Deductive arguments assert that if the premises are true, the conclusion must also be true. Example: If all IUK students can pass philosophy and Rita is an IUK student, then Rita can pass philosophy.
Valid arguments are those where if the premises are true, the conclusion is logically derived, regardless of the actual truth of the premises.
Equivocation occurs when a word with multiple meanings is used in a misleading way in arguments.

Necessary Truths

A necessary truth is something that must always be true. Example: "All squares have four sides."

Socrates and the Apology

Socrates was charged with not believing in the city’s gods and corrupting the youth.
His three main opponents included orators, poets, and craftsmen.
Socrates compares himself to a gadfly, aiming to stimulate critical thinking in Athens.
After his conviction, Socrates suggests he deserves free meals for life as a reward for his service to society.

Anselm's Arguments

Anselm suggests that believing in God helps one to understand God, arguing that the greatest conceivable being (God) must exist in reality.
He emphasizes that God exists not only in understanding but also in reality.
Anselm argues against Thomas Aquinas' ontological perspective, as Aquinas maintains five ways to prove God's existence.

Pascal's Wager

Pascal argues that reason alone cannot determine God’s existence and that wagering on God's existence is not optional.
He cautions against the seductive nature of glory and luxury, labeling them as "poisonous pleasures."
Pascal believes that certainty is not required for action; one can act without complete confidence.

Philosophical Perspectives on Evil

Stump discusses human suffering concerning the problem of evil.
She uses the Good Samaritan as a moral response to suffering, highlighting true goodness against real wickedness.
Stump supports social action in addressing evil.

Epistemology and Skepticism

Hume explores the existence and independence of objects, raising skepticism about our perceptions.
He posits that beliefs about external objects arise from imagination and experience, not certainty.
Hume asserts that the mind is essentially a collection of perceptions, and belief is tied to the vivacity of an idea.

Utilitarianism

Focuses on the consequences of actions, aiming for the greatest happiness.
Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill are key figures in utilitarian philosophy.
Rule utilitarianism was developed to prevent morally undesirable outcomes from strict act utilitarianism.

Kant and Moral Philosophy

Kant argues that moral rules should be universally applicable and that immorality arises from ignoring reasons that should apply to all.
He believes true moral development requires aspiring beyond momentary desires.

Aristotelian Ethics

Aristotle teaches that virtue is a mean between extremes and emphasizes the importance of character in moral development.
The ultimate aim for humans is achieving eudaimonia, a state of flourishing in accordance with virtue.

Argument Validity

An argument is considered valid if true premises lead to a true conclusion; sound arguments are both valid and have true premises.
Valid arguments can still result in false conclusions, while invalid arguments can have true conclusions.

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Description

This quiz explores essential concepts in logic and philosophy, including deductive arguments, necessary truths, and Socrates' role in the Apology. It highlights the importance of valid arguments and addresses the use of equivocation in philosophy. Test your understanding of these fundamental ideas.