Questions and Answers
What does the term 'philosophy' literally mean?
Which branch of philosophy is primarily concerned with evaluating human actions?
According to the Principle of Excluded Middle, what is true of every statement?
Which philosophical approach emphasizes that truth is based on exercising choices and personal freedom?
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What is the primary focus of metaphysics in philosophy?
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Which philosopher is known for the statement 'existence precedes essence'?
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Which method of philosophizing involves analyzing language and logical concepts?
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Which principle states that nothing in the world is without a reason?
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What is considered the ultimate spiritual goal of Hinduism?
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Which fallacy involves making a conclusion without sufficient evidence?
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What is the term for the continuous cycle of life in Hindu belief?
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Which of the following correctly identifies the three aspects of the Trimurti?
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Who is recognized as the founder of Buddhism?
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What does the term 'Nirvana' signify in Buddhism?
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Which stage of Brahman refers to the stage of renunciation?
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In Hinduism, which belief involves the idea that the soul can pass into another creature?
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What is the first of the Four Noble Truths?
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Which aspect is NOT included in the Eightfold Path?
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Which of the following is one of the Three Jewels in Buddhism?
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In the context of Christian philosophy, what does 'Divine Logos' refer to?
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Which statement describes the ecological or relational integrity of humans?
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What is one of the states of sublime conditions mentioned?
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Which approach considers the highest importance in the universe or nature?
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What does the Theocentric Approach emphasize?
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Which concept represents the interconnectedness of all living beings and nature as proposed by deep ecology?
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What does 'ECOFEMINISM' primarily address regarding ecological crises?
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Which of the following categories does not belong to the CF categories for calculating carbon footprints?
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According to ancient thinkers, how did Anaximander describe nature?
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Which modern thinker emphasized the difference between experience and non-experience in space and time?
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What is a key aspect of the Chinese Cosmic Concept?
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What primary concept is shared by both Social Ecology and Ecological Crisis?
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What does the term 'Biophilia' refer to in the context of ancient philosophies?
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Study Notes
Philosophy Overview
- Philosophy derives from the Greek words "philo" (love) and "sophia" (wisdom), meaning love of wisdom.
- Science: Systematic investigation following specific procedures.
- Natural Light of Reason: Investigates reality without supernatural tools or revelations.
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Key Principles of Logic:
- Identity: A thing is what it is.
- Non-Contradiction: A thing cannot be both true and not true at the same time.
- Excluded Middle: A thing either is or is not.
- Sufficient Reason: Everything exists for a reason.
Branches of Philosophy
- Metaphysics: Study of reality.
- Ethics: Evaluation of human actions.
- Epistemology: Nature and validity of knowledge.
- Logic: Science of reasoning.
- Aesthetics: Study of beauty.
Greek Philosophers
- Prominent thinkers include Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle.
Methods of Philosophizing
- Phenomenology: Truth based on subjective experience (Husserl).
- Existentialism: Truth arises from personal choices (Kierkegaard).
- Postmodernism: Acceptance of diverse truths, emphasizes complexity and contradiction (Lyotard, Foucault).
- Analytical Tradition: Employs logic for clarity; focuses on language and logical analysis (Frege, Moore).
- Logical and Critical Thinking: Paths to discern truth, emphasizing reasoning over assumptions.
Logical Fallacies
- Various misuses of logic:
- Hasty Generalization: Conclusions without evidence.
- False Analogy: Incorrect conclusions based on superficial similarities.
- False Cause: Incorrect cause-and-effect assumptions.
- Appeal to Pity: Using compassion to sway opinion.
- Ad Hominem: Attacking the person instead of the argument.
Hinduism
- Brahman: The ultimate reality; all manifestations are part of it.
- Atman: The divine spark within each being, represented by "om."
- Trimurti: Consists of Brahma (Creator), Vishnu (Protector), and Shiva (Destroyer).
- Karma: The law of cause and effect related to actions.
- Moksha: Ultimate spiritual goal; liberation from the cycle of rebirth (samsara).
Buddhism
- Founded by Siddhartha Gautama (Buddha).
- Core principles:
- Impermanence: All things change.
- Non-self: There is no permanent self.
- Nirvana: State of ultimate enlightenment and peace.
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Four Noble Truths:
- Life entails suffering.
- Suffering arises from desire and ignorance.
- Reducing ignorance and desire reduces suffering.
- Enlightenment is the path to overcoming suffering.
- Eightfold Path: Guidelines for ethical conduct and mental practices.
Christian Philosophy
- Centers on the love of God and the pursuit of wisdom through the Divine Logos.
- Three Levels of Existence: Mere being, living being, rational being.
- St. Augustine: Existence comes from a perfect, good God; knowledge sources include senses and mind.
Environmental Philosophy Models
- Cosmos-centric Approach: Importance placed on nature and the universe.
- Theocentric Approach: Belief that God is central to existence.
- Anthropocentric Model: Places humans at the center but diminishes God's role.
- Ecocentric Model: Focuses on nature and holistic relationships within ecosystems.
Key Environmental Concepts
- Carbon Footprint: Assessment of individual or organizational environmental impact across categories like food, mobility, and construction.
- Ancient Thinkers: Emphasized harmony and order in nature.
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Modern Thinkers:
- Kant: Differentiated between experienced and non-experienced realities.
- Deep Ecology: Advocates equal intrinsic worth for all life forms.
- Social Ecology: Connects ecological issues to social injustices.
- Ecofeminism: Links environmental concerns with feminism, addressing dominance and oppression.
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Description
Explore the fundamental principles of philosophy, including its definition, branches, and key thinkers. This quiz covers topics such as metaphysics, ethics, epistemology, and the methods of philosophizing. Test your understanding of the love of wisdom and the principles of logic.
