Philosophy Study Notes Overview

What is the meaning of the word "philosophy"?

Which of the following are areas of philosophy? (Select all that apply)

What does metaphysics explore?

What is epistemology concerned with?

What is the focus of ethics?

What is the subject matter of aesthetics?

What does political and social philosophy examine?

Which of the following is NOT one of Aristotle's three principles of logic?

The Law of Non-Contradiction states that something can be both true and false at the same time in the same respect.

The Law of Excluded Middle states that a proposition can be neither true nor false.

The Law of Identity states that something is different from itself.

Which type of reasoning is based on observations and evidence, leading to probable conclusions?

Which type of reasoning is judged based on validity, truth, and soundness?

What is the definition of a fallacy?

Which fallacy attacks the person making the argument rather than the argument itself?

Which fallacy misrepresents or exaggerates someone's argument to make it easier to attack?

Which fallacy asserts that a claim is true because it hasn't been proven false?

Which fallacy presents two options as the only possibilities when others exist?

Which fallacy claims that a minor action will inevitably lead to significant and negative consequences without evidence?

Which fallacy assumes the conclusion in the premise of an argument, creating a circular reasoning pattern?

Which fallacy draws a broad generalization based on a small sample size?

Which fallacy assumes that because one event followed another, it is caused by the first?

Which fallacy asserts that a claim is true because an authority figure believes it?

Which fallacy argues that something is true or good because it is popular?

Which fallacy manipulates emotions instead of providing logical reasoning?

Postmodernists believe that science is objective and free from bias.

Feminist critiques of science argue that women's perspectives and contributions have always been fully integrated into scientific inquiry.

Scientific realists believe that scientific theories are merely mental constructs and do not correspond to actual reality.

According to Willard Van Orman Quine, it is relatively easy to prove a scientific theory false.

What is pseudoscience?

Which principle addresses the separation of science and religion?

Which principle explores how scientific and religious perspectives might be reconciled?

Which hypothesis views the Earth as a self-regulating system, potentially reconciling scientific and religious views?

Which theory of the self views it as a determinate and unitary thing, distinct from material experiences?

Which theory of the self views it as a loosely unified collection of experiences, motivations, and beliefs?

Which theory of the self sees it as shaped by the stories individuals construct about their lives?

Which theory of the self views it as an ongoing project, constantly being shaped by choices and actions?

Which materialist solution to the mind-body problem claims that mental states are identical to brain states?

Which materialist solution suggests that our current understanding of mental states is flawed and will be replaced by a more accurate neurological understanding?

Which materialist solution claims that mental states can be replicated by any system that performs the right functions, regardless of its physical composition?

Which dualist solution to the mind-body problem posits that the mind exists independently of the body but interacts with it?

Which solution to the mind-body problem emphasizes the subjective nature of mental states and consciousness?

Which solution to the mind-body problem posits that reality is composed of one fundamental type of thing?

Which belief system asserts that a supreme being created the universe but does not interfere with its workings?

Which belief system holds that the universe is identical to God, and God is present in everything?

Which belief system maintains that God is both in everything and everything is in God, with God transcending the universe?

Which view claims that human behavior is entirely determined by factors beyond our control, rendering free will an illusion?

Which view acknowledges that human behavior is influenced by both internal and external factors but maintains that we still have some degree of free will?

Theories of free will argue that the will is completely independent of all external influences.

What did Confucius believe about true wisdom?

According to Plato, where does true knowledge come from?

How did Aristotle view the acquisition of knowledge?

What did Descartes conclude about the nature of knowledge?

What is Locke's view of the mind at birth, and how does he believe knowledge is acquired?

What is Kant's contribution to our understanding of knowledge?

Which type of knowledge is acquired through direct experience with the world?

Which type of knowledge is gained through reasoning and connecting pieces of direct knowledge?

Which type of knowledge involves skills that can be demonstrated but not easily explained?

Which type of knowledge involves factual information that can be conveyed in words?

What is the key difference between rationalism and empiricism?

Which philosopher believed that the mind is like a blank slate at birth, gaining knowledge from the senses?

Which philosopher believed in the existence of two worlds: the imperfect material world and the perfect world of forms?

Which philosopher argued that humans possess an innate capacity for language?

How did Aristotle view the relationship between matter and essence in physical objects?

What was Thomas Aquinas's view on the nature of human beings?

How did David Hume's view on knowledge relate to Locke's?

Which theory of perception posits that we perceive mental representations of objects rather than the objects themselves?

Which theory of perception asserts that reality consists solely of mental ideas?

Which theory of perception claims that we can only perceive objects as they appear, not as they truly are?

What was Plato's view on the role of art in society?

How did Aristotle differ from Plato in his view of art?

What was Rene Descartes's view on beauty?

What did David Hume believe about taste and beauty?

What is the fundamental principle of Kant's view on art?

What did Georg W.F. Hegel believe about the role of art?

What was Friedrich Nietzsche's view on art?

What is the core of John Dewey's view on art?