Philosophy Study Notes Overview

Philosophy comes from the Greek words "love" and "wisdom." It involves a commitment to an open-minded search for truth.

Metaphysics explores the nature of reality, asking questions like "What is real?" and "What is the meaning of life?"

<p>Epistemology studies knowledge and what justifies beliefs, asking &quot;What does it mean to know?&quot; and &quot;Can humans know what the world really is?&quot;</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ethics involves the study of right and wrong, exploring questions about good and evil and moral duties. It asks, &quot;What obligations do people have towards one another?&quot;</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aesthetics studies art and beauty, and explores the standards used to judge artistic value. It asks, &quot;What is beauty?&quot;</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Political and social philosophy investigates social values and political forms of government.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Law of Sufficient Reason (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inductive Reasoning (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Deductive Reasoning (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A fallacy is a flaw in reasoning that undermines the validity of an argument.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ad Hominem (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Straw Man (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Appeal to Ignorance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False Dilemma (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Slippery Slope (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Circular Reasoning (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hasty Generalization (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False Cause (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Appeal to Authority (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bandwagon Fallacy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Appeal to Emotion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pseudoscience is a claim, belief, or practice that is presented as scientific but lacks a valid scientific basis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>NOMA Principle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anthropic Principle (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gaia Hypothesis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Substance Theory (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bundle Theory (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Narrative Theory (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Project Theory (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Identity Theory (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Eliminativism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Functionalism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Substance Dualism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Subjective Idealism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Monism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Deism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pantheism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Panentheism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hard Determinism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Soft Determinism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Confucius believed that true wisdom comes from recognizing our own ignorance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Plato argued that we are born with knowledge, and it doesn't come from the senses. We &quot;recall&quot; knowledge rather than learn it from the world.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aristotle believed that knowledge comes from what we observe with our senses, and reasoning builds upon those observations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Descartes sought absolute certainty and concluded &quot;I think, therefore I am.&quot; He argued that the act of thinking proves one's existence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Locke believed the mind starts as a blank slate (tabula rasa) and knowledge comes from experience.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Kant argued that our mind actively shapes how we understand the world.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Direct Knowledge (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Indirect Knowledge (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Competence Knowledge (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Propositional Knowledge (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rationalism emphasizes reason and innate ideas as the primary sources of knowledge, while empiricism emphasizes sensory experience and observation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Locke (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Plato (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Noam Chomsky (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aristotle believed that both matter and essence are present in physical objects, unlike Plato, who separated them into two worlds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thomas Aquinas rejected Plato's idea of two worlds, viewing human beings as a unity of soul and body. He believed in sense perception, reasoning, and experience to understand the world.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Similar to Locke, Hume suggested that we don't directly perceive cause and effect; instead, we expect connections based on past experience.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Representative Theory of Perception (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Subjective Idealism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phenomenalism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Plato believed that art should mimic reality and reflect truth and beauty. However, he feared its potential to distract from intellectual pursuits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aristotle argued that art is judged for its own sake, not by moral standards. He valued art as independent creative expression.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Descartes believed beauty is in the eye of the beholder. He shifted the focus from the object to the observer's mind.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hume argued that while taste has universal principles, individual judgment is shaped by bias and experience, leading to different opinions on what makes good art.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Kant believed that art is judged on how it engages imagination, independent of content. This influenced formalism, which emphasizes the basic elements of art over meaning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hegel believed that art is a step towards human thought evolving into philosophy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nietzsche believed that art goes beyond just copying life; it transforms life by providing people with a positive and powerful worldview.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dewey believed that art is meaningful only when engaged with by an audience, otherwise it is just a product.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The study of knowledge and what justifies beliefs asking, "what does it mean to know" and can humans know what the world really is?

Involves the study of right and wrong, exploring questions about good and evil, moral duties. "What obligations do people have towards one another?"

The study of art and beauty, and the standards for judging artistic value. "What is beauty?"

The study of social values and political forms of government

States that something cannot be said to be and not to be at the same time in the same respect Ex: the statement "Tom exists" is true it cannot be true and false, Tom cannot exist and not exist at the same time

Something is either true or false. There is no middle ground where something is sort of true or sort of false

The law states that something is what it is. Ex: Tom is Tom, Sasha is Sasha

based on observations and evidence leading to conclusions that's are probable, but not certain,

EVIDENCE MUST BE RELIABLE

reasoning is judged off validity, truth and soundness Validity: its form must be correct, conclusion follows form of premise

Truth: for an conclusion to be true, premise must be true

Soundness: argument is valid and premise is true

person making the argument rather than argument

misrepresenting or exaggerating someone's argument to make it easier to attack

asserting a claim is true because it hasn't been proven false

presenting two options as the only possibilities when others exist

a minor action will lead to significant and often negative consequence without evidence

the arguments conclusion is assumed in the premise

broad generalization based on small sample size

assuming that because one event followed another, it is caused by the first

asserting a claim is true because any authority figure believes it

Arguing that's something is true or good because it is popular

manipulating emotion rather than presenting an argument

The view that the will of an individual is not free and is instead determined by factors beyond his of her control and/or responsibility and free will is just an illusion.

belief that human behavior is the result of choices and decisions made within a context of situational constraints and opportunities

The will is perfectly isolated from all external causes

reality is mad of matter

All mental states are identical to brain states

The way we usually talk about thoughts and feelings I wrong and our understanding of the mind will change as we learn more about how our brains work

Mental states can be made real through technology, with the right hard ware and soft ware

The human mind exists independently of the body, but still interacts with it.

Mental states and consciousness are fundamentally subjective experiences

reality is composed of one type of thing

The view that you are nothing more than a loosely unified confederation of interests, motivations, beliefs, sensations, and emotions. Genuine personal identity over time is a fiction and an act of the imagination; we identify persons over time out of custom.

Self is shaped by narrative with individuals making sense of their experiences through story telling They are both the central character and author of their own narrative No endings, story is always changing

The self is thought as an event in time rather than as a thing The self is always under active construction, the self is not given to people ready and made

God is the universe and the universe is God) god is found in all things

God is in everything and everything is in God