Philosophy and Psychology of Self and Pneuma
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Questions and Answers

What is constantly in motion within the ventricles?

  • Nerve impulses
  • Psychic pneuma (correct)
  • Muscle fibers
  • Blood cells

What impact does the high pressure applied by the spirits have on the ventricles?

  • They contract and become smaller
  • They stop functioning
  • They become rigid
  • They swell and expand (correct)

How does the psychic pneuma affect the muscles?

  • It hinders contraction
  • It causes muscles to swell and grow (correct)
  • It decreases muscle strength
  • It has no effect on muscles

Through which pathway does the psychic pneuma exert its influence on the muscles?

<p>Nerve pathways (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs as a result of the pneumatic influence on the muscles?

<p>Muscle growth and expansion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What reaction did the author have upon learning about the taboo word at laboratory meetings?

<p>Surprise at the restriction on language (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the provided content, what does the concept of 'self' imply?

<p>The self consists of continuous impressions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was NOT mentioned as a characteristic of 'self' in the content?

<p>It can exist independently of perceptions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the author imply about the usage of the 'taboo word' in serious texts?

<p>It has been entirely avoided in serious writings (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What philosophical perspective does the author suggest regarding self and consciousness?

<p>Self is a collection of fragmented thoughts (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant event is associated with Therese Neumann in relation to stigmata?

<p>She experienced recovery from paralysis and total blindness. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many people have reported experiencing stigmata over the 770 years documented?

<p>321 people (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of individuals who reported stigmata are female?

<p>As high as 85% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the nature of the recovery timeline after experiencing paralysis and blindness as noted with Therese Neumann?

<p>Some recover from paralysis and total blindness within a year. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Before the 13th century, how many recorded examples of stigmata exist?

<p>No examples recorded (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Behaviorist perspective emphasize regarding the mind?

<p>There is a need for input to obtain an output from the mind. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main critique against viewing the brain solely as an input/output system?

<p>It neglects the role of memories in cognitive functioning. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In relation to the concepts discussed, how does Gestalt psychology differ from Behaviorism?

<p>Gestalt psychology focuses on the perception of wholes rather than the individual parts. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'hysteria' suggest in this context?

<p>A psychological issue that may not necessarily stem from identifiable external triggers. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the metaphor of Descartes' 'organ' relate to the understanding of the mind?

<p>It illustrates that the mind functions like a machine with precise operations. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What concept began to be discussed by philosophers and neurologists around 1880?

<p>The division of personality (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Schopenhauer, what are the essential irrational drives beneath consciousness?

<p>Sexuality and self-preservation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of consciousness, what term refers to being unaware of underlying processes?

<p>Subconscious mind (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which philosopher is associated with the notion of the irrational drives being central to human experience?

<p>Schopenhauer (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What analogy does Schopenhauer use to describe consciousness?

<p>An iceberg (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Carus suggest about the unconscious mind?

<p>It is a fundamental basis of conscious life. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term is associated with the disintegration of psychological experiences according to Moreau de Tours?

<p>Psychological désagrégation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What concept related to disruption is associated with Janet's ideas?

<p>Degeneration of psychic elements (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Carus's notion of the unconscious continue in the work of Eduard von Hartmann?

<p>Through exploring the philosophy of the unconscious. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by 'ide-fix' in the context provided?

<p>A fixation or set idea immune to change. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Taboo of Consciousness

The term 'consciousness' was considered taboo in academic discussions about the mind during the late 1980s.

Psişik Pneuma

A vital fluid, or "pneuma", that is responsible for movement.

Consciousness as a series of impressions

The idea that consciousness is the result of a series of individual experiences or perceptions rather than a single unified entity.

Ventricles

The cavities in the brain, or "ventricles", where the pneuma is thought to reside.

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The Self as a collection of experiences

The concept that the self, often perceived as a unified entity, is actually composed of a collection of individual experiences rather than a single thing.

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Flow of Pneuma

The "pneuma" travels from the ventricles through the nerves to the muscles.

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Muscles Swelling and Force

This movement of pneuma causes the muscles to swell up and exert force.

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Ancient Greek Theory of Movement

The theory that pneuma acts as a vital force for movement.

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Gestalt Psychology

A school of psychology that emphasizes the whole, rather than the sum of its parts. It focuses on how we perceive and organize information.

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Behaviorism

A psychological perspective that focuses on observable behaviors and their relationship with environmental stimuli. It emphasizes learning through conditioning.

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Psychoanalysis

A school of psychology that emphasizes the unconscious mind, early childhood experiences, and internal conflicts in shaping personality and behavior.

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Descartes' Organ Metaphor

A metaphor used by René Descartes to describe the human mind as a machine that processes and outputs information based on inputs.

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Cognitive Psychology

A psychological perspective that emphasizes the role of mental processes, such as thinking, memory, and problem-solving, in behavior.

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Consciousness as a Surface

The idea that consciousness is like a thin layer on the surface of our being, concealing a deeper layer of irrational impulses.

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Schopenhauer's Irrational Impulses

Schopenhauer believed that these impulses are the driving forces behind our actions, particularly sex and the instinct to survive.

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Split Personality

An 18th-century concept that refers to the notion that the mind is not a unified entity, but rather a collection of separate parts or fragments.

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Subconscious Mind

The idea that our conscious minds are unaware of the complex and often irrational processes occurring beneath the surface.

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Primacy of Sexual Drive

Schopenhauer's theory that sexual drive is the most fundamental and powerful of all human impulses.

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Stigmata

The appearance of wounds on a person's body, resembling the wounds of Jesus Christ, particularly the crucifixion wounds, a spiritual phenomenon often associated with intense religious devotion.

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First Recorded Stigmata

The first recorded case of stigmata occurred on September 17, 1224, marking a significant moment in religious history due to its association with the devotion to Jesus Christ's passion and the experience of severe religious devotion leading to physical manifestations.

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Gender Distribution of Stigmata

A large majority of those who have reported experiencing stigmata are women, specifically Catholic women, suggesting that stigmata might be linked to cultural and religious influences.

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Duration Of Stigmata

The duration of stigmata varies significantly, with some lasting for days, others lasting for years.

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Historical Context of Stigmata

Stigmata is a phenomenon exclusive to Christianity, with instances of it being reported only after the 13th century.

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Carus's Unconscious

The unconscious mind is seen as the foundation of conscious life, according to Carus, a prominent figure in the study of the unconscious.

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Dissociated Experiences and Psychological Breakdown

Moreau de Tours observed that fragmented experiences point to a psychological breakdown, a concept later known as 'désagrégation psychologique.'

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Janet's Concept of Désagrégation

Janet's concept of 'désagrégation' further explores the idea of psychological breakdown, demonstrating how the mind fragments into disconnected pieces, known as 'dissociations'.

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Ide-Fixe (Fixed Idea)

A 'fixed idea' or 'ide-fixe' refers to a persistent thought resistant to change. These ideas, often isolated from the rest of consciousness, contribute to the fragmented nature of the unconscious.

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Hartmann's 'Philosophy of the Unconscious'

Eduard von Hartmann expanded upon Carus's idea of the unconscious, publishing 'Philosophy of the Unconscious' in 1869, which continued to resonate throughout the 20th century.

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Study Notes

Psychological Concepts

  • Psychology's Subject Matter: Psychology encompasses cognitive (mental processes), affective (emotional), and sensory-motor (physical) aspects.
  • Cognitive Factors: This includes thought processes like memory, and understanding.
  • Affective Factors: This involves emotions and motivations.
  • Sensory-Motor Functions: This includes physical senses (sight, hearing, touch etc.)
  • Cognitive Abilities, Emotions, and Motivation: Key subject areas of Psychology.

Mechanisms

  • Diagram of Mechanisms: A diagram describes the flow of information (potentially referencing memory, thought).
  • Pineal Gland, Vermis, Memory, and Thought Processes: These entities, visualized in the diagram, are components of a proposed conceptual mind model.
  • Kusta ibn Luka's Model: This model describes the mind's workings.

Models of the Mind

  • The Ventricular Model: An Ancient Perspective The early Muslim scientist, Kusta ibn Luka, described a model of the mind, specifically the flow of thoughts through different areas in the brain.
  • Descartes' Concept of Mental Processes and the Brain Descartes, a later philosopher, proposed ideas about the workings of the brain and mind, relating to the roles of sensory information and mental processes.
  • The Galenic Ventricular Model: An anatomical model of the brain, possibly influenced by Galen and others. Illustrates the brain and its interconnectedness.

16th Century European Renaissance

  • Mechanical Principles in Renaissance Europe: Europe during the Renaissance period demonstrated a focus on mechanical principles in design, encompassing various technologies. For example, fountains, sculptures, and musical devices
  • Royal Residences as Demonstrations: Mechanical devices like fountains were incorporated into royal residences to showcase technological advancements and power.

The Concept of Reductionism

  • The Universe, Human Beings, and the Use of Reductionism and Clocks as Models: The concepts of reductionism and the human mind are similar concepts related to understanding complex phenomena in terms of simpler components, possibly using analogies with mechanisms like clocks.
  • Mechanical Analogies: Analogies using mechanical devices like clocks were used to explain the workings of human or complex systems, possibly related to theories of the human or psychological mind.
  • Analysis into Constituent Parts: Breaking down complex systems, like the universe, human beings or mind, to better understand these complexities, possibly referring to atomic theory of particles or constituent elements. There is mention of Constructivist/Gestalt and analytical insights.

The 19th and 20th Centuries

  • Modern Psychology Discussion focuses on various modern psychological schools of thought. This includes Gestalt principles, Behaviorism, and the role of psychological research.
  • Psychological Approaches: Focus includes different psychological theories. This includes Behaviorism, Cognitive Psychology, Psychoanalytic Psychology, and possibly discussion of Gestalt Psychology.

Ancient and Medieval Theories

  • Theories of Disease and the Mind: These include descriptions of the causes and consequences of disease and mental state, such as hysteria.
  • Hysteria: This is mentioned as a prevalent disease or condition.

Theories of the Mind

  • Introduction of the concept of different 'levels'/layers of the mind, with examples of clinical observations, including ide fixe, and automatisms: These topics may be used to explain different mental states.
  • Levels of Consciousness: This describes different degrees of mental awareness. This includes different levels of consciousness, potentially referencing unconscious, preconscious, and conscious states.

Conclusions

  • Synthesis of Historical and Contemporary Insights: A combination of historical information on mind models, mechanisms, and reductionism are presented, alongside contemporary perspectives on psychological study. There is mention of psychology as a discipline, as well as more specific psychological approaches of the 20th century.

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Description

Explore the intricate concepts of self, consciousness, and the impact of psychic pneuma on muscle and motion within the ventricles. This quiz delves into philosophical perspectives and significant historical events related to stigmata, as well as the implications of taboo terminology in scholarly discussions.

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