DOSAGE FORM

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Questions and Answers

Which type of oral modified-release solid dosage form is known for reducing fluctuation in drug level to prolong therapeutic effect?

Targeted Release

Colonic Tablets

Gastro Retentive Tablets (correct)

Repeat Actions

What is the main advantage of pharmaceutical inserts like suppositories?

Avoiding patient compliance problems (correct)

Economic savings

Reduced side effects

Consistent drug absorption

Which type of capsules is made from the partial hydrolysis of collagen from the skin/bones of animals?

Hard Gelatin Capsules (correct)

Soft Gelatin Capsules

Vegetable Capsules

All of the above

What is the primary disadvantage of soft gelatin capsules?

Inconvenient to use Signup and view all the answers

Which type of suppository base is known for being inert, non-irritating, and non-sensitizing?

Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of creams as semisolid dosage forms?

Contain large percentage of water Signup and view all the answers

Which type of mortar and pestle is suitable for comminution?

Porcelain mortar and pestle Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of geometric dilution in pharmacy compounding?

To ensure uniform distribution of ingredients in a mixture Signup and view all the answers

Which type of tablet remains intact in the stomach but disintegrates in the small intestine?

Enteric-coated tablets Signup and view all the answers

What is the main advantage of granules over powders in pharmaceutical formulation?

Granules are less prone to caking or hardening than powders Signup and view all the answers

Which paper type is suitable for deliquescent and hygroscopic drugs?

Waxed paper Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of excipients in a pharmaceutical dosage form?

To improve the physical characteristics and efficacy of the drug Signup and view all the answers

What is the USP classification for powders with a sieve number indicating very fine particles?

80 and above Signup and view all the answers

Which term is used to describe powders with a sieve number indicating moderately coarse particles?

40 - 60 Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of a drug delivery system?

Drug products that allow the uniform release and targeting of drugs into the body Signup and view all the answers

Which process involves the addition of a volatile substance to a gummy material?

Pulverization by intervention Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of cosmetics as defined in the text?

To protect and keep the body in good condition Signup and view all the answers

What does API stand for in the context of drug products?

Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient Signup and view all the answers

Which type of dosage form is intended for external use and serves as an emollient occlusive vehicle?

Ointments Signup and view all the answers

What is the reversible gel-sol formation phenomenon called in gels?

Thixotropy Signup and view all the answers

Which ointment base is greasy, anhydrous, and non-water washable?

Oleaginous/Hydrocarbon Base Signup and view all the answers

What is the solid or semisolid adhesive mass spread on a backing material known as?

Plasters Signup and view all the answers

Which type of transdermal drug delivery system allows the passage of drugs from the skin to the systemic circulation?

Membrane-Controlled Systems Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum alcohol content limit proposed by the FDA to manufacturers of OTC oral products for individuals aged 12 years old?

0.5% Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about Aromatic Water/Medicated Waters is true?

They are clear, saturated aqueous solutions of volatile oils or other aromatic substances Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of Fixed Oils in pharmaceutical preparations?

To provide a stable base for medicinal substances Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes Propylene Glycol?

It is a viscous liquid that can be used as a substitute for glycerin Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary use of Glycerin in pharmaceutical preparations?

To provide stability to aqueous solutions Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the application of Evacuation Enema?

It is used rectally to evacuate the bowel Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of Isopropyl Rubbing Alcohol?

It contains 5% v/v ethanol and should be left on when showering or swimming Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of Nonoxynol-9?

Contraceptive Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of Colloidal Dispersion?

Particle size of 5 nm Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of Fluidextracts?

To prepare hydroalcoholic solutions from vegetable drugs Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon in gels is described as 'gel shrinks'?

Syneresis Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary method of Emulsion Preparation known as 'Dry Gum Method'?

4(oil): 2(water): 1(gum) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of Magmas/Milks?

To act as an antacid Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of Lotions?

To act as an astringent Signup and view all the answers

What is the alcohol content range for Elixirs?

5-40% Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Oral Modified-Release Solid Dosage Forms

Extended-release formulations minimize fluctuations in drug levels, ensuring a prolonged therapeutic effect.

Pharmaceutical Inserts

Suppositories offer an advantage by enabling drug delivery bypassing the digestive system, allowing for rapid absorption.

Types of Capsules

Gelatin capsules are made from collagen, derived from the partial hydrolysis of animal skin and bones.

Disadvantages of Soft Gelatin Capsules

Moisture sensitivity is a primary disadvantage, potentially leading to integrity issues and instability of the contents.

Suppository Bases

Cocoa butter is an inert, non-irritating, and non-sensitizing base for suppositories, ensuring comfort upon administration.

Semisolid Dosage Forms: Creams

Creams are characterized by their emulsion properties, providing both occlusive and moisturizing effects on the skin.

Mortar and Pestle for Comminution

A glass mortar and pestle is ideal for comminution, allowing for efficient grinding and mixing of substances.

Geometric Dilution Purpose

Geometric dilution is used in compounding to ensure uniform distribution of potent ingredients in a mixture.

Enteric-Coated Tablets

These tablets remain intact in the stomach but disintegrate in the small intestine, improving targeted drug delivery.

Advantages of Granules

Granules offer improved flowability and reduced dusting compared to powders, enhancing pharmaceutical formulation stability.

Paper Types for Hygroscopic Drugs

Glassine paper is suitable for storing deliquescent and hygroscopic drugs due to its moisture-resistant properties.

Role of Excipients

Excipients serve as inactive ingredients that facilitate drug formulation, altering release rates, stability, and bioavailability.

USP Classification for Powders

Very fine powders are classified with a low sieve number according to USP standards, indicating micronized particles.

Moderately Coarse Particles

A sieve number classification describes powders that are moderately coarse, ensuring precise particle size categorization.

Drug Delivery System Definition

A drug delivery system is a formulation designed to transport an active pharmaceutical ingredient to achieve a therapeutic effect.

Volatile Substance Addition Process

The process of adding a volatile substance to a gummy material enhances flavor or stability in pharmaceutical preparations.

Cosmetics Purpose

Cosmetics are defined as substances meant to enhance or alter appearance, providing aesthetic benefits without therapeutic claims.

API Definition

Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) refers to the biologically active component in a drug that provides its therapeutic effect.

External Dosage Forms

Emollient ointments function as occlusive vehicles for topical application, providing skin hydration.

Gel Phenomenon

The reversible gel-sol formation is known as sol-gel transition, influencing texture and application properties.

Ointment Bases

Anhydrous ointment bases are greasy, providing a barrier against moisture and aiding in prolonged skin contact.

Adhesive Mass Definition

A solid or semisolid adhesive mass applied to backing material is known as a patch in transdermal systems.

Transdermal Drug Delivery

A transdermal drug delivery system facilitates drug passage from the skin into systemic circulation, enabling sustained release.

FDA Alcohol Content Limit

The maximum alcohol content for OTC oral products for individuals aged 12 and older is capped at 10% by the FDA.

Aromatic Water/Medicated Waters

Aromatic waters serve as fragrant solutions and therapeutic agents; they are prepared using distillation or dissolution methods.

Fixed Oils Use

Fixed oils in pharmaceuticals act primarily as carriers for active ingredients or aids in topical formulations for emollience.

Propylene Glycol Characteristics

As a solvent, propylene glycol is non-toxic and acts as a humectant, enhancing moisture retention in formulations.

Glycerin Application

Glycerin is primarily used in pharmaceuticals as a humectant, preservative, and solvent, improving product stability.

Evacuation Enema Application

Evacuation enemas are used primarily for cleansing the bowel prior to medical examinations or surgeries.

Isopropyl Rubbing Alcohol Characteristics

Isopropyl rubbing alcohol is recognized for its antiseptic properties and quick evaporation rate, making it suitable for disinfection.

Nonoxynol-9 Purpose

Nonoxynol-9 serves as a spermicide in contraceptive products, providing a chemical barrier to prevent pregnancy.

Colloidal Dispersion Characteristics

Colloidal dispersions feature particles dispersed throughout a medium, affecting stability and application in various formulations.

Fluidextracts Purpose

Fluidextracts are concentrated liquid preparations derived from plant material, highly potent and often used in herbal medicine.

Gel Shrinking Phenomenon

'Gel shrinkage' refers to the colloidal system's contraction, impacting the consistency and performance of gel formulations.

Emulsion Preparation Method

The 'Dry Gum Method' is a primary technique for emulsion preparation, ensuring stable dispersion of oil in water-based solutions.

Magmas/Milks Purpose

Magmas and milks are suspensions of insoluble particles in liquid, used for therapeutic and nutritional benefits in various applications.

Lotions Function

Lotions are designed for topical application, providing hydration and treatment while maintaining skin functionality.

Elixirs Alcohol Content

Elixirs typically contain a range of 5% to 40% alcohol, serving as solvents for active ingredients in liquid formulations.

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