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Questions and Answers
What is one of the main contributions of pharmacy to managing chronic conditions?
What is one of the main contributions of pharmacy to managing chronic conditions?
Which activity is NOT considered a function of pharmacy in promoting healthy lifestyles?
Which activity is NOT considered a function of pharmacy in promoting healthy lifestyles?
How do pharmacists contribute to disease management?
How do pharmacists contribute to disease management?
What should be considered in patient pharmaceutical needs assessment regarding accessibility?
What should be considered in patient pharmaceutical needs assessment regarding accessibility?
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What role do pharmacists play in ensuring the rational use of medicines?
What role do pharmacists play in ensuring the rational use of medicines?
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Which of the following is a key intervention by pharmacists for drug therapy management?
Which of the following is a key intervention by pharmacists for drug therapy management?
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What is an example of a need for compliance aids in patient pharmaceutical needs assessment?
What is an example of a need for compliance aids in patient pharmaceutical needs assessment?
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Which group should pharmacists identify for special needs assessment?
Which group should pharmacists identify for special needs assessment?
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Which age groups are primarily affected by certain diseases mentioned?
Which age groups are primarily affected by certain diseases mentioned?
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Why might generic formulations be recommended for certain drugs?
Why might generic formulations be recommended for certain drugs?
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What is a primary goal of pharmacoeconomic aspects in drug therapy?
What is a primary goal of pharmacoeconomic aspects in drug therapy?
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Which of the following is part of Total Quality Management (TQM)?
Which of the following is part of Total Quality Management (TQM)?
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What does quality improvement in healthcare primarily involve?
What does quality improvement in healthcare primarily involve?
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Which of the following captures the clinical outcomes of therapy?
Which of the following captures the clinical outcomes of therapy?
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What challenge is associated with outcomes management in healthcare?
What challenge is associated with outcomes management in healthcare?
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What are the two main components of quality improvement?
What are the two main components of quality improvement?
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Study Notes
Pharmacy Practice and the Healthcare System
- The 1995 Pharmacy in a New Age consultation in the UK identified 5 key areas of pharmacy contribution to health outcomes.
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1. Management of prescribed medicines:
- Drug development
- Dispensing of medication
- Counseling
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2. Management of chronic conditions:
- Repeat prescribing
- Monitoring therapeutic outcomes
- Improvement in quality of life
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3. Management of common ailments:
- Counseling
- Recommendation of line of action
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4. Promotion and support of healthy lifestyles:
- Health education
- Health screening
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5. Advice and support for other healthcare professionals:
- Providing information on clinical and technical aspects of medicine use
- Participation in research and development programs to translate scientific knowledge into practice
Pharmacist Interventions in the Healthcare System
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Ensuring rational use of medicines:
- Participating in developing formularies, clinical guidelines, protocols, and analyzing prescribing information and drug use evaluation data.
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Disease management:
- Contributing to improving compliance, adherence to evidence-based clinical guidelines, and monitoring patient outcomes.
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Management of drug therapy:
- Ensuring safe and effective drug use, drug accessibility, collaboration with healthcare professionals, using patient profiles and records, counseling on safe drug use, patient monitoring, and identifying problems and proposing solutions.
Patient Pharmaceutical Needs Assessment
- Access to pharmacy facilities:
- Considering access for housebound patients, patients visiting a pharmacy, and outpatient visits at clinics.
- Need for compliance aids:
- Assess if patients need memory aids or pill boxes
- Social behavior:
- Consider patients living alone or those with special needs, if they require support.
Identifying Groups of Patients with Special Needs
- Patients with specific diseases, such as acute myocardial infarction, chronic pain, and mental health problems, or with learning difficulties
- Age groups: the elderly or young
- Drug treatment: patients with narrow therapeutic index drugs or expensive drugs—potentially considering generic switches or different formulations.
- Taking medicines for chronic diseases: repeat prescriptions/medication reviews.
- Patients in particular health settings: hospitals, residential homes, nursing care, transitions between settings.
Achieving Cost-Effective Patient Care
- Pharmacoeconomic factors are also important to consider when advising on drug use beyond their efficacy.
- Value for money and cost-effectiveness are crucial elements in choosing a rational therapy. This could include substituting a generic drug for the original or originator.
Within a Healthcare System
- Pharmacists participate in four domains critical for cost-effective patient care:
- Therapeutic and professional intervention outcomes management
- Therapeutic management, including review of lifestyle measures
- Drug utilization reviews
- Costs: direct and indirect costs of therapy
Quality Assurance & Quality Improvement
- Quality assurance: Establishing acceptable performance levels, and identifying when standards aren't met.
- Quality improvement: Information-driven processes involving monitoring procedures to maintain standards, using total quality management (TQM) and continuous quality improvement (CQI).
Total Quality Management (TQM)
- Defines measures for quality
- Measures current performance
- Analyses processes
- Identifies improvement actions
Comparing Quality Improvement and Quality Assurance
- Quality improvement is a prospective, proactive, and process-based approach focused on improving processes.
- Quality assurance is a retrospective, reactive, and event-based approach focused on solving problems.
Assessing Outcomes
- Clinical: Response to treatment
- Functional: Improvement in physical function
- Financial: Cost-effective therapy
- Perceptual: Patient satisfaction with outcomes, care received, and providers
Difficulties in Outcomes Management
- Data compilation is time-consuming
- Resistance from healthcare professionals
Case Example for Quality Assessment in a Hospital
- Documentation and analysis of pharmacist interventions in the ward
- Cost-effectiveness study of medications used
- Patient satisfaction questionnaires to assess outcomes of therapy, care received, ward atmosphere, and communication with professionals.
Practice Summary
- Pharmacy services contribute toward managing prescribed medicines, chronic conditions, common ailments, health education, rational drug use, and cost-effectiveness.
- Pharmacists should be proactive in developing formularies, clinical guidelines, and protocols, actively maintaining and updating them.
- Pharmacists should collaborate with other healthcare professionals and policy makers to establish therapeutic practices, including the use of generics, enhancing patient accessibility to drugs.
- Pharmacists should participate in exercises to monitor the cost-effectiveness of patient care and processes for quality assurance in professional services.
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Description
This quiz explores the critical contributions of pharmacy to healthcare outcomes as identified in the 1995 Pharmacy in a New Age consultation. Key areas covered include medication management, chronic condition oversight, and support for healthy lifestyles, all emphasizing the pharmacist's role in patient care and collaboration with healthcare professionals.
