Pharmacy Overview and Pharmaceutical Care
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Pharmacy Overview and Pharmaceutical Care

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Questions and Answers

In what year did the Faculty of Pharmacy at Cairo University become a separate entity?

  • 1908
  • 1955 (correct)
  • 1996
  • 1929

    • Which of the following universities was established in 1961?

  • Alexandria University
  • Assiut University (correct)
  • El-Azhar University
  • Mansoura University

    • Which governmental faculty of pharmacy was established most recently?

  • Zagazig
  • Helwan
  • Ain Shams
  • Suez Canal (correct)

    • What is the minimum standard duration required for a Bachelor degree in pharmaceutical science?

    <p>5 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organization is NOT responsible for accreditation of pharmacy programs in Egypt?

    <p>Local Health Authorities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When did the first pharmacists graduate from Cairo University?

    <p>1929</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many private faculties of pharmacy were established in Egypt in 1996?

    <p>Four</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about the Pharm D regulations?

    <p>Recent regulations call for a 6-year course.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the abbreviation Rx signify in pharmacy?

    <p>Take thou</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one significant advantage of drug patents for pharmaceutical companies?

    <p>Exclusive marketing rights</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is required for a company to produce a generic version of a drug?

    <p>Demonstration of biological equivalence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant change occurred in pharmacy education with the establishment of the first school of pharmacy?

    <p>Elimination of on-the-job training</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where was the first modern school of pharmacy established?

    <p>Cairo, Egypt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason the price of a patented drug decreases after the patent expires?

    <p>Introduction of market competition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who invited professors from Europe to establish the first pharmacy school in Egypt?

    <p>Klute Bey</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of bioequivalent drug products?

    <p>Same rate of absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of prescribing a placebo?

    <p>To improve the patient's psychological well-being.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are double blind trials preferred over single blind trials?

    <p>They eliminate bias from both participants and researchers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the stability of a pharmaceutical product refer to?

    <p>The capability to remain effective until the expiration date.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What conditions are specified for storing pharmaceuticals?

    <p>Storage conditions must include temperature, humidity, and light.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is typically indicated by the expiration date of a drug product?

    <p>The time it remains effective under proper storage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a component of drug nomenclature?

    <p>Stationary name.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How should a drug be stored in a refrigerator?

    <p>Between 2°C and 8°C.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the chemical formula for phenytoin?

    <p>C15H12N2O2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum duration required to obtain a Master’s degree in pharmaceutical science?

    <p>Two years with a practical thesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which department is NOT part of the faculty of pharmacy?

    <p>Department of Civil Engineering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which course type provides the foundational knowledge for advanced pharmacy courses?

    <p>Prerequisite courses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of medicinal chemistry?

    <p>Relationship between drug structures and their biological effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long does it typically take to complete a diploma in pharmacy?

    <p>One year of full-time study</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which area of study in pharmacy deals with the chemistry of living matter?

    <p>Biochemistry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of pharmacy does pharmacology primarily cover?

    <p>Effects and mechanisms of drugs in the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these courses is considered a professional course in pharmacy?

    <p>Pharmacy Law</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT involved in the definition of pharmacy?

    <p>Developing new drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of pharmacy primarily focuses on drug therapy and improving patient quality of life?

    <p>Pharmaceutical care</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which activity is considered a cognitive service related to pharmacy?

    <p>Drug utilization reviews</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of pharmacy has a specific focus on handling radioactive materials?

    <p>Nuclear pharmacy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A pharmacist must be graduated from which type of institution?

    <p>An accredited School of Pharmacy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the primary responsibilities of a pharmacist regarding drug information?

    <p>Providing drug-related information to the public</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes 'scope of work' for pharmacists?

    <p>Interpreting prescriptions and monitoring patients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately reflects a type of pharmacy?

    <p>Outpatient hospital pharmacies serve patients being discharged from hospitals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Pharmacy Overview

    • Definition: The practice of preparing and dispensing medications, including providing drug-related information to the public.
    • Key Activities:
      • Interpreting prescriptions
      • Compounding, labeling, and dispensing drugs and devices
      • Selecting drug products and reviewing drug utilization
      • Monitoring and intervening with patients
      • Providing cognitive services related to medication and device use
    • Types of Pharmacies: Outpatient hospital, community, nuclear, institutional, and internet pharmacies.
    • Pharmacist: A licensed professional who dispenses drugs and provides drug information. They must graduate from an accredited school of pharmacy.

    Pharmaceutical Care

    • Focus: Providing drug therapy to achieve outcomes that improve a patient's quality of life.
    • Placebo: A treatment with no active ingredients, prescribed for psychological benefit.
    • Double Blind Trials: Clinical trials where neither researchers nor participants know who receives the active treatment or placebo, minimizing bias.

    Quality Control

    • Purpose: To ensure the required specifications of raw materials and dosage forms.
    • Specifications: Defined standards outlined by pharmacopoeia or factory specifications.

    Stability of a Pharmaceutical Product

    • Definition: The ability of a formulation, within a specific container, to maintain its defined physical, chemical, microbiological, therapeutic, and toxicological properties until its expiration date, under defined storage conditions.

    Expiration Date

    • Definition: The date on a container by which the product is expected to meet specifications under proper storage conditions.
    • Meaning: 90% of the material is expected to remain active.

    Storage Conditions

    • Definition: Guidelines for safekeeping starting materials, packaging materials, and drug products. Factors include temperature, humidity, container type, and light exposure.
    • Temperature Classification:
      • Cold place: Less than 8°C
      • Refrigerator: Between 2°C & 8°C
      • Deep freezer: Less than -10°C
      • Cool place: Between 8°C & 15°C
      • Warm place: Between 30°C & 40°C
      • Room temperature: Between 15°C & 30°C

    Drug Nomenclature

    • Empirical Formula: A shorthand representation using chemical symbols and subscripts, such as C15H12N2O2 for phenytoin.
    • Chemical Name: A systematic name assigned according to IUPAC rules, typically longer and more complex than common names.
    • Code Numbers: Temporary designations used before non-proprietary names are assigned.

    Rx Symbol

    • Meaning: An abbreviation of "recipe" (Latin for "take thou").
    • Possible Origins: The astronomical symbol for Jupiter or an evolution of the Eye of Horus, an ancient Egyptian healing symbol.

    Drug Patents

    • Purpose: Grant exclusivity to a company to market a drug in a specific country.
    • Benefits: Reduces competition, allowing high prices to recoup development costs.
    • Patent Expiration: Allows for the marketing of generic versions under the drug's generic name or new brand names.
    • Generic Drug Development: Requires demonstrating biological equivalence to the original drug, but development costs are significantly lower.
    • Bioequivalence: Generic and original drugs have the same rate and extent of absorption, resulting in similar blood concentrations.

    Pharmacy Education: The Apprenticeship System

    • Traditional Method: Training through on-the-job experience under a skilled practitioner.
    • Transition: The establishment of formal pharmacy schools in the 19th century replaced reliance on apprenticeship alone.

    Pharmacy Education in Egypt

    • First School of Pharmacy: Founded in 1824 AD by Mohamed Ali Pasha as part of a hospital in Abu Zaabal (Cairo).
    • Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University: Established in 1908 and graduated its first three pharmacists in 1929. Became a separate entity in 1955.

    Governmental Faculties of Pharmacy in Egypt

    • Chronological Order of Establishment:
      • Alexandria (1948)
      • Assiut (1961)
      • Suez Canal (1993)
      • Beni-Suef (1994)
      • El-Azhar (males) (1965)
      • Helwan (1995)
      • Mansoura (1970)
      • Ain Shams (1996)
      • Tanta (1973)
      • Zagazig (1975)
      • ElAzhar (females) and El-Minya (Late 1990s)

    Private Faculties of Pharmacy in Egypt

    • First Private Universities: Established in 1996, including 6th of October, Misr University for Science and Technology, Misr International University, and Modern Science and Arts.

    Number of Students and Accreditation

    • Student Admissions: Determined by the National Supreme Council of Universities, who assigns the number of Egyptian students to each university based on faculty recommendations.
    • Accreditation Agencies:
      • Supreme Council of Universities
      • Ministry of Higher Education
      • National Authority for Quality Assurance and Accreditation of Education (NAQAAE)

    Awarded Pharmacy Degrees in Egypt

    • Bachelor of Pharmaceutical Science (BPharm): Minimum five-year program (10 semesters), now transitioning to a six-year PharmD program.
    • Master of Pharmaceutical Science (MPHarm): Two-year program including one year of study, a pre-master exam, and a practical thesis in a specific field.
    • Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in Pharmaceutical Science: Two-year program culminating in the defense of a practical thesis.

    Diploma Programs

    • Minimum Duration: One year of full-time study.
    • Examples: Diploma in Industrial Pharmacy, Diploma in Hospital Pharmacy, Diploma in Cosmetics.

    Faculty of Pharmacy Departments

    • Key Departments:
      • Pharmaceutics & Industrial Pharmacy
      • Pharmacology and Toxicology
      • Clinical Pharmacy
      • Bio­chemistry
      • Pharmacognosy
      • Pharmaceutical Chemistry
      • Microbiology and Immunology

    Types of Pharmacy Courses

    • General Courses: Humanities, social sciences, arts, history, and literature.
    • Prerequisite Courses: Mathematics, physical sciences, and biological sciences. These courses lay the foundation for professional pharmacy courses.
    • Professional Courses: Core pharmacy curriculums include pharmacology, medicinal chemistry, pharmaceutics, social and administrative pharmacy, and pharmacy law.

    Curriculum Content

    • Variability : Specific course titles, content, and sequence might differ between faculties.
    • Core Areas of Study: Chemistry, Biochemistry, Medicinal Chemistry.

    Chemistry Courses

    • General Chemistry & Organic Chemistry: Prepare students for advanced chemistry courses in pharmacy.
    • Biochemistry: Focuses on the chemistry of living matter, enzymes, drug metabolism, and disease processes related to metabolic dysfunction.
    • Medicinal Chemistry: Connects chemical structures of drugs to their biological activities. Medicinal chemists synthesize drugs based on the understanding that specific chemical structures will lead to desired actions in the body.

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    Description

    Explore the essential practices of pharmacy, including medication preparation and dispensing. This quiz covers key activities in pharmaceutical care, the roles of pharmacists, and different types of pharmacies. Enhance your understanding of drug therapy and its impact on patient quality of life.

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