Pharmacy Overview and Roles
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Which of the following best defines pharmacy?

  • The exclusive practice of pharmacy in outpatient settings.
  • The study of the synthesis of drugs in laboratories.
  • The provision of healthcare services unrelated to medications.
  • The art and science of preparing and dispensing medications. (correct)
  • What is a key responsibility of a pharmacist?

  • Performing laboratory testing for diseases.
  • Providing drug-related information. (correct)
  • Surgically treating patients.
  • Diagnosing medical conditions.
  • Which of these represents a type of pharmaceutical care?

  • Preparation of herbal medicines.
  • Strictly dispensing prescription-only drugs.
  • Interpretation of prescription orders. (correct)
  • Providing preventative care through surgeries.
  • What is NOT a source of drugs as mentioned?

    <p>Therapeutic energy sources.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of drug can be obtained without a prescription?

    <p>OTC (over-the-counter) drugs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Biotechnology primarily contributes to the development of which type of drugs?

    <p>Complex chemical structure drugs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of cognitive services provided by pharmacists?

    <p>They ensure medication therapy outcomes improve patient quality of life.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following roles does a pharmacist NOT perform?

    <p>Diagnosing chronic illnesses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates a drug from a medicine?

    <p>A drug is an active substance, while a medicine is a drug mixed with excipients.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of excipients in drug products?

    <p>They are inactive materials included during manufacturing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about placebos?

    <p>They can provide a psychological benefit to patients.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a dose regimen?

    <p>The frequency of use of a drug.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does quality control ensure in pharmaceutical manufacturing?

    <p>The compliance of the product with specified standards.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In blind clinical studies, what is the purpose of using a placebo?

    <p>To compare the effects of the active treatment against nothing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines a drug product?

    <p>A dosage form with active ingredients and other substances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding double blind trials?

    <p>Double blind trials are designed to eliminate bias.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does stability of a pharmaceutical product refer to?

    <p>The ability to remain within defined specifications until expiration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of an expiration date on a pharmaceutical product?

    <p>To mark the date when 90% of the material is expected to remain effective.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which temperature range is classified as 'warm place' for drug storage?

    <p>Between 30°C &amp; 40°C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is included in the definition of storage conditions for pharmaceuticals?

    <p>A combination of temperature, humidity, and packaging type.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of a generic drug?

    <p>It is often less expensive but typically has the same quality and effectiveness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are the official generic names of drugs determined?

    <p>Through IUPAC naming conventions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why must brand and generic names be unique in pharmaceuticals?

    <p>To prevent drug mix-ups during prescription dispensing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of 'deep freezer' in terms of pharmaceutical storage temperature?

    <p>Less than -10°C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic should a name for a pharmaceutical substance have?

    <p>It should indicate its pharmacologic class.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an aim of health care system quality?

    <p>Opaque</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does patient-centered health care emphasize?

    <p>Decisions tailored to patients' needs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the 'effective' aim of quality health care?

    <p>It guarantees all patients are diagnosed and treated accurately.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly represents equitable health care?

    <p>Ensuring all individuals receive needed health care regardless of background.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does a pharmacist play in society beyond dispensing medication?

    <p>Offering relevant drug information and therapy recommendations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which option best describes the term 'integrated' in health care?

    <p>Coordinated care among doctors for chronic diseases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does timely healthcare refer to?

    <p>Seeing a doctor when needed without excessive waiting.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main requirement for marketing a generic version of a drug?

    <p>Proving bioequivalence to the original drug</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When was the first school of pharmacy in modern Egypt established?

    <p>1824</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What educational system was used for training pharmacists until the 19th century?

    <p>On-the-job training via apprenticeships</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant change occurred in Egyptian pharmacy education in 1996?

    <p>Private universities began offering pharmacy programs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a requirement for a drug to be considered bioequivalent?

    <p>Greater overall efficacy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many pharmacists initially graduated from Cairo University in 1929?

    <p>3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements best describes bioequivalence?

    <p>Same blood concentration with identical doses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which was the first governmental faculty of pharmacy established in Egypt?

    <p>Alexandria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Pharmacy

    • The art and science of preparing and dispensing medications and providing drug information to the public.
    • Key functions include:
      • Interpreting prescription orders.
      • Compounding, labeling, and dispensing drugs and devices.
      • Drug product selection and utilization reviews.
      • Patient monitoring and intervention.
      • Providing cognitive services related to medication and device usage.
    • Types:
      • Outpatient hospital.
      • Community.
      • Nuclear.
      • Institutional.
      • Internet pharmacies.

    Pharmacist

    • An educated and licensed professional who dispenses drugs and provides drug information.
    • Graduation from an accredited School of Pharmacy is required.

    Pharmaceutical Care

    • Focus on the pharmacist's role in providing responsible drug therapy to achieve outcomes that improve patient quality of life.
    • Emphasizes the importance of pharmacist-patient communication and counseling.

    Nature and Sources of Drugs

    • Plant sources:
      • Parts of plants, e.g., castor oil (laxative).
    • Animal sources:
      • Insulin and heparin.
    • Mineral sources:
      • Magnesium sulfate and iodine.
    • Microorganisms:
      • Fungi and bacteria isolated from soil, e.g., penicillin.
    • Synthetic drugs:
      • Produced in laboratories by synthetic chemists, e.g., aspirin, sulfonamide, barbiturate.
    • Biotechnology (Recombinant DNA):
      • Preparation of complex chemical structure drugs, e.g., human insulin, vaccines, antibiotics, interferon.

    Classification of Drugs

    • Prescription-Only Drugs:
      • Require a physician's prescription for dispensing.
    • OTC Drugs:
      • Available without a prescription, allowing patients to choose based on their needs or pharmacist advice.

    Drug versus Medicine

    • Drug:
      • The active substance or material with pharmacological or therapeutic activity.
    • Medicine:
      • A drug formulated, packed, and labeled with excipients (inactive materials) before sale.
    • Pharmaceutical Product:
      • Drugs processed on a large scale by manufacturers.
    • Medicines:
      • Pharmaceutical products dispensed to patients.

    Other Terms

    • Drug Product:
      • Dosage form containing active ingredients and other substances used during manufacturing.
    • Excipient:
      • Any substance in a dosage form other than the active drug.
    • Strength:
      • Concentration of the drug in a dosage form.
    • Dose:
      • Amount of drug taken each time.
    • Dose Regimen:
      • Frequency of drug use.

    Placebo

    • A fake treatment that can produce a real response due to psychological effects.
    • Defined as a substance with no known medical effects, e.g., sugar pills.
    • Used in blind clinical studies to test the effectiveness of new medicines.
    • Ethical considerations necessitate double-blind trials where neither participants nor researchers know who receives the treatment.

    Quality Control

    • Physical or chemical tests ensuring the required specifications (pharmacopoeia or factory standards) of raw materials and dosage forms.

    Stability of a Pharmaceutical Product

    • The ability of a formulation in a specific container to remain within defined specifications (physical, chemical, microbiological, therapeutic, and toxicological) until the expiration date under specific storage conditions.

    Expiration Date

    • The date on a container indicating the time until the product is expected to remain within specifications under proper storage.
    • Represents the time when 90% of the material remains.

    Storage

    • The safekeeping of materials, including starting materials, packaging, and drug products.

    Storage Conditions

    • Specified conditions for storing products, including temperature, humidity, container, and light.

    Temperature for Storing Products

    • Cold place: Less than 8°C.
    • Refrigerator: Between 2°C and 8°C.
    • Deep freezer: Less than -10°C.
    • Cool place: Between 8°C and 15°C.
    • Warm place: Between 30°C and 40°C.
    • Room temperature: Between 15°C and 30°C.

    Drug Nomenclature

    • Empirical formula:
      • Represents the chemical composition of a drug, e.g., C15H12N2O2 for phenytoin.
    • Chemical name:
      • Long name based on the chemical structure using IUPAC rules, e.g., sodium 5,5-diphenyl-2,4-imidazolidinedione for phenytoin.
    • Code numbers:
      • Assigned before the assignment of a non-proprietary name.
    • Generic (official, non-proprietary) name:
      • Approved name used in pharmacopoeia, e.g., phenytoin.
    • Brand (proprietary, trademark, or trade) name:
      • Name chosen by the company, e.g., Dilantin for phenytoin.

    Brand and Generic Names

    • Brand names are used when drugs are under patent protection.
    • Generic names must be used by companies marketing off-patent drugs, with their own brand names.
    • Generic and brand names must be unique to avoid confusion during prescription and dispensing.
    • Generic drugs are generally less expensive but equally effective as brand-name counterparts.

    Name Choice

    • Brand names should:
      • Be short and distinctive in sound and spelling.
      • Not be easily confused with existing names.
      • Indicate the general pharmacologic or therapeutic class.
      • Include syllables characteristic of related compounds.
      • e.g., Lopressor for lowering blood pressure, Glucotrol for controlling blood sugar, Disflatyl for relieving flatulence.

    General Mission for Health Care

    • Continually reduce the burden of illness, injury, and disability, and improve public health and functioning.

    Aims of Health Care System Quality

    • Effective: Accurate diagnosis and treatment.
    • Safe: No harm from received care.
    • Patient-centered: Needs and preferences are considered with respect and compassion.
    • Timely: Access to care without excessive waiting.
    • Equitable: Good quality care for everyone regardless of factors like gender, race, ethnicity, location, or socioeconomic status.
    • Integrated: Coordinated care across multiple doctors and specialists for patients with multiple chronic diseases.
    • Efficient: Avoidance of unnecessary tests and procedures.

    Pharmacist Role in Society

    • Goes beyond dispensing medication to encompass providing drug information and therapy recommendations.

    Pharmacy Education

    • The Apprenticeship System:
      • Until the 19th century, on-the-job training was the primary method for becoming a pharmacist.
      • The first schools of pharmacy were founded to replace sole reliance on on-the-job training.
    • Schools of Pharmacy in Egypt:
      • The first School of Pharmacy in modern Egypt was established by Mohammed Ali Pasha in 1824 as part of a hospital in Abu Zaabal, Cairo.
      • The school was later moved to El-Kalaa in 1829 and then to Kasr El-Aini in 1837, where it remains today.
    • First Faculty of Pharmacy in Egypt:
      • Established in 1908 as part of Cairo University.
      • Graduated its first three pharmacists in 1929.
      • Became a separate entity in 1955.
    • Governmental Faculties of Pharmacy:
      • Alexandria (1948).
      • Assiut (1961).
      • El-Azhar (males) (1965).
      • Mansoura (1970).
      • Tanta (1973).
      • Zagazig (1975).
      • Suez Canal (1993).
      • Beni-Suef (1994).
      • Helwan (1995).
      • Ain Shams (1996).
      • El-Azhar (females) and El-Minya (late 1990s).
    • Private Faculties of Pharmacy:
      • First established in Egypt in 1996.
      • Four colleges were located in Cairo and based their syllabi on Cairo University with modifications.
      • Some established connections with European universities.

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    Description

    This quiz explores the essential aspects of pharmacy, including the key functions of pharmacists and the different types of pharmacy practice. You'll also learn about the importance of pharmaceutical care and the sources of drugs. Test your knowledge on this fundamental field of health sciences!

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