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Questions and Answers
Which of the following best defines pharmacy?
Which of the following best defines pharmacy?
What is a key responsibility of a pharmacist?
What is a key responsibility of a pharmacist?
Which of these represents a type of pharmaceutical care?
Which of these represents a type of pharmaceutical care?
What is NOT a source of drugs as mentioned?
What is NOT a source of drugs as mentioned?
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Which type of drug can be obtained without a prescription?
Which type of drug can be obtained without a prescription?
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Biotechnology primarily contributes to the development of which type of drugs?
Biotechnology primarily contributes to the development of which type of drugs?
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What is the significance of cognitive services provided by pharmacists?
What is the significance of cognitive services provided by pharmacists?
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Which of the following roles does a pharmacist NOT perform?
Which of the following roles does a pharmacist NOT perform?
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What differentiates a drug from a medicine?
What differentiates a drug from a medicine?
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What is the role of excipients in drug products?
What is the role of excipients in drug products?
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Which of the following is true about placebos?
Which of the following is true about placebos?
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What is a dose regimen?
What is a dose regimen?
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What does quality control ensure in pharmaceutical manufacturing?
What does quality control ensure in pharmaceutical manufacturing?
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In blind clinical studies, what is the purpose of using a placebo?
In blind clinical studies, what is the purpose of using a placebo?
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What defines a drug product?
What defines a drug product?
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Which statement is true regarding double blind trials?
Which statement is true regarding double blind trials?
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What does stability of a pharmaceutical product refer to?
What does stability of a pharmaceutical product refer to?
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What is the purpose of an expiration date on a pharmaceutical product?
What is the purpose of an expiration date on a pharmaceutical product?
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Which temperature range is classified as 'warm place' for drug storage?
Which temperature range is classified as 'warm place' for drug storage?
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What is included in the definition of storage conditions for pharmaceuticals?
What is included in the definition of storage conditions for pharmaceuticals?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of a generic drug?
Which of the following is a characteristic of a generic drug?
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How are the official generic names of drugs determined?
How are the official generic names of drugs determined?
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Why must brand and generic names be unique in pharmaceuticals?
Why must brand and generic names be unique in pharmaceuticals?
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What is the definition of 'deep freezer' in terms of pharmaceutical storage temperature?
What is the definition of 'deep freezer' in terms of pharmaceutical storage temperature?
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What characteristic should a name for a pharmaceutical substance have?
What characteristic should a name for a pharmaceutical substance have?
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Which of the following is NOT an aim of health care system quality?
Which of the following is NOT an aim of health care system quality?
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What does patient-centered health care emphasize?
What does patient-centered health care emphasize?
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Which statement best describes the 'effective' aim of quality health care?
Which statement best describes the 'effective' aim of quality health care?
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Which of the following correctly represents equitable health care?
Which of the following correctly represents equitable health care?
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What role does a pharmacist play in society beyond dispensing medication?
What role does a pharmacist play in society beyond dispensing medication?
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Which option best describes the term 'integrated' in health care?
Which option best describes the term 'integrated' in health care?
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What does timely healthcare refer to?
What does timely healthcare refer to?
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What is the main requirement for marketing a generic version of a drug?
What is the main requirement for marketing a generic version of a drug?
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When was the first school of pharmacy in modern Egypt established?
When was the first school of pharmacy in modern Egypt established?
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What educational system was used for training pharmacists until the 19th century?
What educational system was used for training pharmacists until the 19th century?
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What significant change occurred in Egyptian pharmacy education in 1996?
What significant change occurred in Egyptian pharmacy education in 1996?
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Which of the following is NOT a requirement for a drug to be considered bioequivalent?
Which of the following is NOT a requirement for a drug to be considered bioequivalent?
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How many pharmacists initially graduated from Cairo University in 1929?
How many pharmacists initially graduated from Cairo University in 1929?
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Which of the following statements best describes bioequivalence?
Which of the following statements best describes bioequivalence?
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Which was the first governmental faculty of pharmacy established in Egypt?
Which was the first governmental faculty of pharmacy established in Egypt?
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Study Notes
Pharmacy
- The art and science of preparing and dispensing medications and providing drug information to the public.
- Key functions include:
- Interpreting prescription orders.
- Compounding, labeling, and dispensing drugs and devices.
- Drug product selection and utilization reviews.
- Patient monitoring and intervention.
- Providing cognitive services related to medication and device usage.
- Types:
- Outpatient hospital.
- Community.
- Nuclear.
- Institutional.
- Internet pharmacies.
Pharmacist
- An educated and licensed professional who dispenses drugs and provides drug information.
- Graduation from an accredited School of Pharmacy is required.
Pharmaceutical Care
- Focus on the pharmacist's role in providing responsible drug therapy to achieve outcomes that improve patient quality of life.
- Emphasizes the importance of pharmacist-patient communication and counseling.
Nature and Sources of Drugs
- Plant sources:
- Parts of plants, e.g., castor oil (laxative).
- Animal sources:
- Insulin and heparin.
- Mineral sources:
- Magnesium sulfate and iodine.
- Microorganisms:
- Fungi and bacteria isolated from soil, e.g., penicillin.
- Synthetic drugs:
- Produced in laboratories by synthetic chemists, e.g., aspirin, sulfonamide, barbiturate.
- Biotechnology (Recombinant DNA):
- Preparation of complex chemical structure drugs, e.g., human insulin, vaccines, antibiotics, interferon.
Classification of Drugs
- Prescription-Only Drugs:
- Require a physician's prescription for dispensing.
- OTC Drugs:
- Available without a prescription, allowing patients to choose based on their needs or pharmacist advice.
Drug versus Medicine
- Drug:
- The active substance or material with pharmacological or therapeutic activity.
- Medicine:
- A drug formulated, packed, and labeled with excipients (inactive materials) before sale.
- Pharmaceutical Product:
- Drugs processed on a large scale by manufacturers.
- Medicines:
- Pharmaceutical products dispensed to patients.
Other Terms
- Drug Product:
- Dosage form containing active ingredients and other substances used during manufacturing.
- Excipient:
- Any substance in a dosage form other than the active drug.
- Strength:
- Concentration of the drug in a dosage form.
- Dose:
- Amount of drug taken each time.
- Dose Regimen:
- Frequency of drug use.
Placebo
- A fake treatment that can produce a real response due to psychological effects.
- Defined as a substance with no known medical effects, e.g., sugar pills.
- Used in blind clinical studies to test the effectiveness of new medicines.
- Ethical considerations necessitate double-blind trials where neither participants nor researchers know who receives the treatment.
Quality Control
- Physical or chemical tests ensuring the required specifications (pharmacopoeia or factory standards) of raw materials and dosage forms.
Stability of a Pharmaceutical Product
- The ability of a formulation in a specific container to remain within defined specifications (physical, chemical, microbiological, therapeutic, and toxicological) until the expiration date under specific storage conditions.
Expiration Date
- The date on a container indicating the time until the product is expected to remain within specifications under proper storage.
- Represents the time when 90% of the material remains.
Storage
- The safekeeping of materials, including starting materials, packaging, and drug products.
Storage Conditions
- Specified conditions for storing products, including temperature, humidity, container, and light.
Temperature for Storing Products
- Cold place: Less than 8°C.
- Refrigerator: Between 2°C and 8°C.
- Deep freezer: Less than -10°C.
- Cool place: Between 8°C and 15°C.
- Warm place: Between 30°C and 40°C.
- Room temperature: Between 15°C and 30°C.
Drug Nomenclature
- Empirical formula:
- Represents the chemical composition of a drug, e.g., C15H12N2O2 for phenytoin.
- Chemical name:
- Long name based on the chemical structure using IUPAC rules, e.g., sodium 5,5-diphenyl-2,4-imidazolidinedione for phenytoin.
- Code numbers:
- Assigned before the assignment of a non-proprietary name.
- Generic (official, non-proprietary) name:
- Approved name used in pharmacopoeia, e.g., phenytoin.
- Brand (proprietary, trademark, or trade) name:
- Name chosen by the company, e.g., Dilantin for phenytoin.
Brand and Generic Names
- Brand names are used when drugs are under patent protection.
- Generic names must be used by companies marketing off-patent drugs, with their own brand names.
- Generic and brand names must be unique to avoid confusion during prescription and dispensing.
- Generic drugs are generally less expensive but equally effective as brand-name counterparts.
Name Choice
- Brand names should:
- Be short and distinctive in sound and spelling.
- Not be easily confused with existing names.
- Indicate the general pharmacologic or therapeutic class.
- Include syllables characteristic of related compounds.
- e.g., Lopressor for lowering blood pressure, Glucotrol for controlling blood sugar, Disflatyl for relieving flatulence.
General Mission for Health Care
- Continually reduce the burden of illness, injury, and disability, and improve public health and functioning.
Aims of Health Care System Quality
- Effective: Accurate diagnosis and treatment.
- Safe: No harm from received care.
- Patient-centered: Needs and preferences are considered with respect and compassion.
- Timely: Access to care without excessive waiting.
- Equitable: Good quality care for everyone regardless of factors like gender, race, ethnicity, location, or socioeconomic status.
- Integrated: Coordinated care across multiple doctors and specialists for patients with multiple chronic diseases.
- Efficient: Avoidance of unnecessary tests and procedures.
Pharmacist Role in Society
- Goes beyond dispensing medication to encompass providing drug information and therapy recommendations.
Pharmacy Education
- The Apprenticeship System:
- Until the 19th century, on-the-job training was the primary method for becoming a pharmacist.
- The first schools of pharmacy were founded to replace sole reliance on on-the-job training.
- Schools of Pharmacy in Egypt:
- The first School of Pharmacy in modern Egypt was established by Mohammed Ali Pasha in 1824 as part of a hospital in Abu Zaabal, Cairo.
- The school was later moved to El-Kalaa in 1829 and then to Kasr El-Aini in 1837, where it remains today.
- First Faculty of Pharmacy in Egypt:
- Established in 1908 as part of Cairo University.
- Graduated its first three pharmacists in 1929.
- Became a separate entity in 1955.
- Governmental Faculties of Pharmacy:
- Alexandria (1948).
- Assiut (1961).
- El-Azhar (males) (1965).
- Mansoura (1970).
- Tanta (1973).
- Zagazig (1975).
- Suez Canal (1993).
- Beni-Suef (1994).
- Helwan (1995).
- Ain Shams (1996).
- El-Azhar (females) and El-Minya (late 1990s).
- Private Faculties of Pharmacy:
- First established in Egypt in 1996.
- Four colleges were located in Cairo and based their syllabi on Cairo University with modifications.
- Some established connections with European universities.
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Description
This quiz explores the essential aspects of pharmacy, including the key functions of pharmacists and the different types of pharmacy practice. You'll also learn about the importance of pharmaceutical care and the sources of drugs. Test your knowledge on this fundamental field of health sciences!