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Questions and Answers
Which autoimmune disease is classified as an organ-specific disorder?
Which autoimmune disease is classified as an organ-specific disorder?
What is a common non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug used to reduce inflammation in autoimmune diseases?
What is a common non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug used to reduce inflammation in autoimmune diseases?
What is a crucial lifestyle recommendation for patients managing autoimmune diseases?
What is a crucial lifestyle recommendation for patients managing autoimmune diseases?
Which condition is considered a generalized systemic autoimmune disease?
Which condition is considered a generalized systemic autoimmune disease?
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What are the estimated annual direct and indirect costs for three specific autoimmune diseases in the UK?
What are the estimated annual direct and indirect costs for three specific autoimmune diseases in the UK?
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What is a common treatment for severe allergic reactions like hay fever and asthma?
What is a common treatment for severe allergic reactions like hay fever and asthma?
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What characterizes a Type II hypersensitivity reaction?
What characterizes a Type II hypersensitivity reaction?
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Which of the following conditions is an example of a Type III hypersensitivity reaction?
Which of the following conditions is an example of a Type III hypersensitivity reaction?
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In a Type IV hypersensitivity reaction, which immune cells are primarily involved?
In a Type IV hypersensitivity reaction, which immune cells are primarily involved?
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What is a characteristic feature of primary immunodeficiencies?
What is a characteristic feature of primary immunodeficiencies?
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Which of the following is NOT a trigger for hay fever and asthma?
Which of the following is NOT a trigger for hay fever and asthma?
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What is the primary immune response mechanism in secondary immunodeficiency?
What is the primary immune response mechanism in secondary immunodeficiency?
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What type of hypersensitivity is primarily mediated by immune complexes?
What type of hypersensitivity is primarily mediated by immune complexes?
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What is a common sign of an allergic reaction in individuals with skin sensitivities?
What is a common sign of an allergic reaction in individuals with skin sensitivities?
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Which of these statements about Type IV hypersensitivity is true?
Which of these statements about Type IV hypersensitivity is true?
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What characterizes hypersensitivity disorders?
What characterizes hypersensitivity disorders?
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Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is characterized by rapid onset within one hour?
Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is characterized by rapid onset within one hour?
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In Type I hypersensitivity, which immunoglobulin is primarily involved?
In Type I hypersensitivity, which immunoglobulin is primarily involved?
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What is the primary cause of immunodeficiency?
What is the primary cause of immunodeficiency?
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What is a potential consequence of a systemic Type I hypersensitivity reaction?
What is a potential consequence of a systemic Type I hypersensitivity reaction?
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Which type of immune disorder involves an inappropriate reaction to the body's own tissues?
Which type of immune disorder involves an inappropriate reaction to the body's own tissues?
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What triggers the degranulation of mast cells in Type I hypersensitivity reactions?
What triggers the degranulation of mast cells in Type I hypersensitivity reactions?
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Which of the following is NOT an example of a trigger for Type I hypersensitivity reactions?
Which of the following is NOT an example of a trigger for Type I hypersensitivity reactions?
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What is a common oral complication associated with immunosuppressant drug use?
What is a common oral complication associated with immunosuppressant drug use?
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Which of the following diseases can lead to immunocompromised states?
Which of the following diseases can lead to immunocompromised states?
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What is a primary action of the immune system in autoimmune diseases?
What is a primary action of the immune system in autoimmune diseases?
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Which factor can increase the incidence of malignancy in patients with compromised immunity?
Which factor can increase the incidence of malignancy in patients with compromised immunity?
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What is a common dental care consideration for patients with immunosuppressive therapy?
What is a common dental care consideration for patients with immunosuppressive therapy?
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Which condition is characterized by the immune system attacking the body's own tissues?
Which condition is characterized by the immune system attacking the body's own tissues?
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What role do dental care professionals play in the management of immunocompromised patients?
What role do dental care professionals play in the management of immunocompromised patients?
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Which syndrome can lead to granulocyte defects and increase infection risk?
Which syndrome can lead to granulocyte defects and increase infection risk?
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What is a common oral manifestation seen in autoimmune diseases?
What is a common oral manifestation seen in autoimmune diseases?
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Which aspect of a patient's background is essential for a dental professional to consider?
Which aspect of a patient's background is essential for a dental professional to consider?
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What condition results from an inappropriate immune reaction to self?
What condition results from an inappropriate immune reaction to self?
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Which of the following is NOT an autoimmune disease mentioned?
Which of the following is NOT an autoimmune disease mentioned?
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Which autoimmune condition is characterized by dryness of the mouth due to immune system dysfunction?
Which autoimmune condition is characterized by dryness of the mouth due to immune system dysfunction?
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What is a key function of the immune system?
What is a key function of the immune system?
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Why is ongoing education important for dental care professionals regarding autoimmune diseases?
Why is ongoing education important for dental care professionals regarding autoimmune diseases?
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Which type of immune response may lead to autoimmune diseases when faulty?
Which type of immune response may lead to autoimmune diseases when faulty?
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What is a common trigger for autoimmunity related to infections?
What is a common trigger for autoimmunity related to infections?
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Which of the following autoimmune reactions occurs due to an immune response against hidden self-antigens?
Which of the following autoimmune reactions occurs due to an immune response against hidden self-antigens?
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Which test is specifically designed to detect antibodies attacking the cell nuclei?
Which test is specifically designed to detect antibodies attacking the cell nuclei?
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What percentage of the population is estimated to be affected by autoimmune diseases?
What percentage of the population is estimated to be affected by autoimmune diseases?
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Which condition is known to have the highest prevalence in females compared to males?
Which condition is known to have the highest prevalence in females compared to males?
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What is one potential result of T cell suppression as people age?
What is one potential result of T cell suppression as people age?
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Which of the following symptoms is NOT typically associated with autoimmune diseases?
Which of the following symptoms is NOT typically associated with autoimmune diseases?
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Which of the following is a factor that may lead to the emergence of autoimmunity?
Which of the following is a factor that may lead to the emergence of autoimmunity?
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Study Notes
Immune Disorders
- Focus: Overview of general immune disorders impacting the population, and their relation to oral manifestations.
- Learning Outcomes (GDC): Explain the impact of medical and psychological conditions on patients.
- Learning Outcomes (Intended): Discuss immunopathology (diseases of the immune system), including hypersensitivity, autoimmunity, and immunodeficiency. Define hypersensitivity and its types. Define immunodeficiency and its causes. Define autoimmune disease and its impact. Relate how autoimmune diseases manifest in the oral cavity.
- Assessment: Formative (online quiz on Biomedical Sciences) and Summative (Biomedical Sciences Eassessment).
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Immunopathology: Deficiencies in the innate or adaptive immune response can cause illness.
- Hypersensitivity: Overactive immune response.
- Immunodeficiency: Ineffective immune response.
- Autoimmunity: Inappropriate reaction to self.
Hypersensitivity
- Definition: Excessive immune response to an antigen, causing tissue damage on subsequent encounters.
- Types: Type I (immediate hypersensitivity), Type II (cytotoxic hypersensitivity), Type III (immune complex hypersensitivity), and Type IV (delayed-type hypersensitivity).
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Type I: Allergic reactions (anaphylaxis). Occurs rapidly (within an hour)
- Triggered by an allergen.
- IgE antibodies bind to mast cells and basophils, causing sensitization.
- Second exposure triggers degranulation and mediator release (e.g., histamine).
- Impacts: Local or systemic (life-threatening). Examples- penicillin, bee stings, hay fever, asthma.
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Type II: Cytotoxic reactions. Occurs in 2-24 hours
- Antibodies (IgG or IgM) bind to cell surface.
- Results in opsonization, agglutination, cell lysis.
- Impacts: Hemolytic reactions during blood transfusions, drug reactions, autoimmune anemias.
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Type III: Immune complex reactions. Develops over hours, days, weeks
- Antibodies bind to soluble antigens, forming complexes that lodge in tissues.
- Activates complement, leading to inflammation and tissue damage.
- Impacts: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, Serum sickness, Rheumatoid Arthritis.
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Type IV: Cell-mediated reactions. Develops in 2 or more days.
- T cells and monocytes/macrophages are stimulated.
- Causes inflammation, cell death, and tissue damage.
- Impacts: Chronic and prolonged inflammatory reactions; some allergic reactions are also cell mediated.
Immunodeficiency
- Definition: Compromised or absent immune system response to infectious diseases.
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Types:
- Primary: Genetically determined (rare).
- Secondary: Caused by other factors (e.g., malnutrition, chronic infections, drug regimens).
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Primary (examples): B-cell immunodeficiencies, T-cell immunodeficiencies, phagocyte disorders, complement deficiencies.
- Specific genetic defects: IgA deficiency, Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), Papillon-Lefèvre syndrome.
- Increased risks: Severe infections, malignancies, autoimmune diseases,
- Secondary (examples): Malnutrition, Chronic infections, Drug regimens (immunosuppressants).
Autoimmune Diseases
- Definition: Chronic, progressive disorders where the immune system attacks healthy body cells.
- Mechanism: Immune system loses tolerance (ability to distinguish self from non-self).
- Types: Organ-specific (e.g., type 1 diabetes, Grave's disease) and generalized (e.g., systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis).
- Factors: Age, emergence of normally hidden antigens, infections, genetics, endocrinological changes, drugs.
- Symptoms: Joint pain and swelling, fatigue, rashes, digestive issues, difficulty in daily activities.
- Diagnosis: Blood tests (antinuclear antibodies (ANA), complete blood count (CBC)).
- Treatment: Specific drugs to control the immune response, and mitigate complications.
Dental Implications for Immunosuppressed Patients
- Increased Risk: Oral candidiasis, bacterial/viral infections, periodontal issues, oral ulcerations, poor healing, higher malignancy risk.
- Dental Care Professional Role: Full history assessment; physician liaison; prevention-focused care; aggressive infection management (e.g., management of dental unit water lines); close monitoring, and follow-up.
General Information on Immunocompromised Individuals
- Conditions: Poorly controlled diabetes, HIV infection, malignancies, malnutrition, anemia, spleen removal, vitamin D deficiency, kidney failure, sickle cell disease.
Autoimmune Diseases and Oral Manifestations
- Oral signs are often early indicators.
- Examples: Systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjögren's syndrome, Pemphigus vulgaris, and Mucous membrane pemphigoid.
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