Pharmacology Quiz: Drug Mechanisms and Uses

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following drugs is currently considered the preferred drug to prevent erosive gastritis in patients at risk of developing this side effect when NSAIDs have to be given?

Sucralfate

Ranitidine

Telenzepine

Omeprazole (correct)

All the known NSAIDs are weak acids. Which of the following drugs is the only exception?

Piroxicam

Nabumetone (correct)

Sulindac

Tolmetin

Warfarin exerts its effect primarily by inhibiting the gamma-carboxylation of the glutamate residues of which of the following clotting factors?

II, VII, IX, X (correct)

IXa, Xa, XIa, XIIIa

IX, X, XI, XIII

IIa, VIIa, IXa, Xa

Which of the following findings may be consistent with an overdose of or accidental exposure to an organophosphate?

Mydriasis Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of skeletal muscle paralysis produced by Succinylcholine?

Sustained depolarization of the motor end plate making it unresponsive to other impulses upon repolarization Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a tyrosine kinase enzyme inhibitor that is used to treat chronic myelogenous leukemia?

Imatinib Signup and view all the answers

Used in treating complex partial seizure:

Both Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are adverse effects of clozapine?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

The following examples of insulin are used to control post-prandial hyperglycemia EXCEPT:

Insulin Glargine Signup and view all the answers

Parkinson's disease is due to:

Deficiency of dopamine level in the brain Signup and view all the answers

A number of NSAIDs cannot be given to patients with gouty arthritis as these may precipitate an acute attack of gout. Which of the following NSAIDs should not be given to patients with gout?

Indomethacin Signup and view all the answers

Hemorrhagic cystitis from cyclophosphamide is managed by:

MESNA Signup and view all the answers

Adverse effects of opioid analgesics do not include:

Diarrhea Signup and view all the answers

Anakinra, a drug used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, works by which means?

Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist Signup and view all the answers

All of the following agents are correctly paired with an appropriate clinical use of the drug except:

Goserelin: Growth hormone deficiency Signup and view all the answers

Patients with unrecognized renal insufficiency who take normal doses of metformin are at increased risk of which of the following?

Lactic acidosis Signup and view all the answers

All atypical antipsychotics are associated with weight gain, except?

Aripiprazole Signup and view all the answers

These benzodiazepines have no active metabolites, EXCEPT:

Alprazolam Signup and view all the answers

Drug of choice for Petit mal seizure?

Ethosuximide Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following antineoplastic drugs is correctly matched with its adverse effect?

Ifosfamide - Hemorrhagic cystitis Signup and view all the answers

Type of hypertension accompanied by target end-organ damage:

Hypertensive emergency Signup and view all the answers

Used in prevention of seizures during pre-eclampsia:

MgSO4 Signup and view all the answers

If 10 mg naproxen produces the same analgesic response as 100 mg Ibuprofen, it signifies that:

Naproxen is more efficacious than Ibuprofen Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Preferred Drug to Prevent Erosive Gastritis

Omeprazole is the preferred drug for preventing erosive gastritis in patients who require NSAIDs.

Weak Acids

Most NSAIDs are weak acids.
Nabumetone is an exception and is a weak base.

Warfarin and Clotting Factors

Warfarin primarily inhibits the gamma-carboxylation of glutamate residues in clotting factors II, VII, IX, and X.

Organophosphate Overdose

Emesis is a consistent finding in an overdose of or accidental exposure to organophosphate.

Succinylcholine Mechanism of Action

Succinylcholine causes skeletal muscle paralysis by sustained depolarization of the motor end plate. This makes it unresponsive to other impulses upon repolarization and cannot be easily depolarized.

Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor for CML

Imatinib is a tyrosine kinase enzyme inhibitor used to treat chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML).

Complex Partial Seizures Treatment

Both phenytoin and carbamazepine are used in treating complex partial seizures.

Adverse Effects of Clozapine

Clozapine has several adverse effects, including agranulocytosis, myocarditis, erectile dysfunction, and hyperlipidemia.

Insulin for Post-prandial Hyperglycemia

The following insulins are used to control post-prandial hyperglycemia:
- Insulin Lispro
- Insulin Glulisine
- Insulin Aspart
- Regular insulin
Insulin Glargine is NOT used for this purpose.

Parkinson's Disease

Parkinson's disease is caused by deficiency of dopamine levels in the brain, leading to damage to the basal ganglia and excessive cholinergic activity.

NSAIDs and Gouty Arthritis

The following NSAIDs should not be used in patients with gouty arthritis as they can precipitate an acute attack of gout or induce uric acid stone formation:
- Tolmetin
- Indomethacin
- Diclofenac
- Mefenamic acid

Hemorrhagic Cystitis Management

MESNA is used to manage hemorrhagic cystitis caused by cyclophosphamide.

Adverse Effects of Opioid Analgesics

Diarrhea is NOT an adverse effect of opioid analgesics. Other adverse effects include:
- Emesis
- Increased intracranial pressure
- Respiratory depression
- Urinary retention

Anakinra's Mechanism of Action

Anakinra, a drug used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, works by acting as an interleukin-1 receptor antagonist.

Clinical Uses of Drugs

The following drugs are correctly paired with their clinical uses:
- Desmopressin: Treatment of diabetes insipidus
- hCG: Treatment of infertility
- Octreotide: Treatment of bleeding esophageal varices
- Oxytocin: Induction of labor
Goserelin is NOT used in the treatment of growth hormone deficiency.

Metformin and Renal Insufficiency

Patients with unrecognized renal insufficiency who take normal doses of metformin are at an increased risk of lactic acidosis.

Atypical Antipsychotics and Weight Gain

All atypical antipsychotics are associated with weight gain, except Aripiprazole.

Benzodiazepines with No Active Metabolites

The following benzodiazepines have no active metabolites:
- Oxazepam
- Alprazolam
Clonazepam and diazepam have active metabolites.

Drug of Choice for Petit Mal Seizure

Ethosuximide is the drug of choice for petit mal seizures.

Antineoplastic Drugs and Adverse Effects

The following antineoplastic drugs are correctly matched with their adverse effects:
- Cisplatin: Cardiotoxicity
- Bleomycin: Pulmonary fibrosis
- Ifosfamide: Hemorrhagic cystitis

Types of Hypertension

Hypertensive emergency refers to hypertension accompanied by target end-organ damage.

Prevention of Seizures in Preeclampsia

MgSO4 is used to prevent seizures during preeclampsia.

Drug Efficacy and Response

If 10mg of naproxen produces the same analgesic response as 100mg of ibuprofen, it signifies that naproxen is more efficacious than ibuprofen. While ibuprofen needs a higher dose to achieve the same effect as naproxen, this does not mean that naproxen is more potent.

Fluoxetine

Fluoxetine is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) commonly used in the treatment of major depressive disorder. It can also be used in managing obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and other conditions.

Treatment of Myasthenia Gravis

Myasthenia gravis is treated with acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, such as pyridostigmine, which help increase the levels of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction.

Anti-TNF Agents

Anti-TNF agents, such as infliximab and adalimumab, are used to treat diseases that involve an overproduction of tumor necrosis factor (TNF), such as rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease, and ulcerative colitis.

Treatment of Ulcerative Colitis

Ulcerative colitis is treated with various medications, including aminosalicylates, corticosteroids, immunomodulators, and biologic agents, depending on the severity and specific needs of the patient.

Hepatitis B Treatment

Hepatitis B is treated with antiviral medications such as tenofovir and entecavir. These medications help to suppress the replication of the hepatitis B virus and reduce the risk of complications.

Treating Viral Infections

While antibiotics are effective against bacterial infections, they are not effective against viral infections. Antiviral medications, such as acyclovir for herpes simplex virus infection and oseltamivir for influenza, are used to treat viral infections.

Hypertension Management

Hypertension management involves lifestyle modifications, such as adopting a healthier diet and increasing physical activity, and medication. Commonly prescribed classes of medications include diuretics, beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs), calcium channel blockers, and alpha-blockers.

Statins and Cholesterol Management

Statins are medications primarily used to lower cholesterol levels. They work by inhibiting the enzyme HMG-CoA reductase, which plays a critical role in cholesterol production in the liver.

Diabetes Management

Diabetes management involves maintaining blood sugar levels within a healthy range. This can be achieved through various means, including regular exercise, a balanced diet, and medication.
Insulin therapy is often used to manage type 1 diabetes, while metformin is frequently prescribed for type 2 diabetes.

Antiepileptic Drugs

Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) are used to control seizures by suppressing neuronal activity in the brain. AEDs act on various mechanisms, targeting sodium channels, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors, and calcium channels.
Examples of AEDs include phenytoin, carbamazepine, valproic acid, lamotrigine, and levetiracetam.

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Description

This quiz covers key pharmacological concepts, including the prevention of erosive gastritis, the mechanisms of action for various drugs like succinylcholine, and the treatment of conditions such as chronic myelogenous leukemia. Test your knowledge on essential drug information and their clinical applications.