Podcast
Questions and Answers
Oseltamivir and Zanamivir are both neuraminidase inhibitors used for treating influenza A and B.
Oseltamivir and Zanamivir are both neuraminidase inhibitors used for treating influenza A and B.
True
Baloxavir acts by inhibiting the RNA polymerase enzyme of the influenza virus.
Baloxavir acts by inhibiting the RNA polymerase enzyme of the influenza virus.
False
Remdesivir mimics ATP to disrupt bacterial DNA synthesis.
Remdesivir mimics ATP to disrupt bacterial DNA synthesis.
False
Acyclovir is commonly used for both HSV-induced mucocutaneous lesions and Herpes zoster.
Acyclovir is commonly used for both HSV-induced mucocutaneous lesions and Herpes zoster.
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Ganciclovir is specific only to CMV and has no effect on other viruses.
Ganciclovir is specific only to CMV and has no effect on other viruses.
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Foscarnet directly inhibits both DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase.
Foscarnet directly inhibits both DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase.
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Cidofovir requires activation by viral kinase to exert its effects.
Cidofovir requires activation by viral kinase to exert its effects.
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All antiviral medications listed in the table have well-documented side effects.
All antiviral medications listed in the table have well-documented side effects.
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Nephrotoxicity is a common concern associated with Ganciclovir treatment.
Nephrotoxicity is a common concern associated with Ganciclovir treatment.
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Oseltamivir should be administered within 72 hours of symptom onset to be effective.
Oseltamivir should be administered within 72 hours of symptom onset to be effective.
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Baloxavir's mechanism includes blocking the 'cap-snatching' process of viral mRNA synthesis.
Baloxavir's mechanism includes blocking the 'cap-snatching' process of viral mRNA synthesis.
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Patients who are immunocompromised should not take Acyclovir.
Patients who are immunocompromised should not take Acyclovir.
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Foscarnet therapy can lead to multiple electrolyte abnormalities.
Foscarnet therapy can lead to multiple electrolyte abnormalities.
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The side effects of antiviral medications listed are always mild and easily manageable.
The side effects of antiviral medications listed are always mild and easily manageable.
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Oseltamivir and Zanamivir prevent the release of newly formed viruses from infected cells.
Oseltamivir and Zanamivir prevent the release of newly formed viruses from infected cells.
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Baloxavir acts by inhibiting the cap-dependent endonuclease, essential for viral replication.
Baloxavir acts by inhibiting the cap-dependent endonuclease, essential for viral replication.
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Remdesivir incorporates into viral DNA and causes premature termination of RNA synthesis.
Remdesivir incorporates into viral DNA and causes premature termination of RNA synthesis.
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Acyclovir is used exclusively for treating herpes simplex virus-induced infections.
Acyclovir is used exclusively for treating herpes simplex virus-induced infections.
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Ganciclovir is effective against viruses other than CMV.
Ganciclovir is effective against viruses other than CMV.
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Foscarnet directly prevents the cleavage of pyrophosphate from deoxynucleotide triphosphates.
Foscarnet directly prevents the cleavage of pyrophosphate from deoxynucleotide triphosphates.
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Cidofovir does not need activation by viral kinase to inhibit viral DNA synthesis.
Cidofovir does not need activation by viral kinase to inhibit viral DNA synthesis.
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Oseltamivir's effectiveness may be improved when used after 72 hours of symptom onset.
Oseltamivir's effectiveness may be improved when used after 72 hours of symptom onset.
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Patients taking Ganciclovir are at risk for myelosuppression.
Patients taking Ganciclovir are at risk for myelosuppression.
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Baloxavir is not indicated for prophylaxis against influenza A and B.
Baloxavir is not indicated for prophylaxis against influenza A and B.
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Foscarnet can lead to multiple electrolyte abnormalities, which may result in seizures.
Foscarnet can lead to multiple electrolyte abnormalities, which may result in seizures.
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All antiviral medications listed have documented side effects that are mild and easily manageable.
All antiviral medications listed have documented side effects that are mild and easily manageable.
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Nephrotoxicity is a potential side effect associated with both Ganciclovir and Cidofovir.
Nephrotoxicity is a potential side effect associated with both Ganciclovir and Cidofovir.
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Acyclovir is primarily used to treat CMV infections in immunocompromised patients.
Acyclovir is primarily used to treat CMV infections in immunocompromised patients.
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All drugs listed are effective against the same viral strains.
All drugs listed are effective against the same viral strains.
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Study Notes
Antiviral Medications: Mechanism of Action, Clinical Indications, and Side Effects
- Antiviral medications can be categorized by their target: neuraminidase inhibitors, ATP analogues, guanosine analogs, viral DNA/RNA polymerase inhibitors, and HIV reverse transcriptase inhibitors.
Neuraminidase Inhibitors
- Oseltamivir and Zanamivir are neuraminidase inhibitors that prevent the release of new viruses from infected cells.
- Treatment and prevention of influenza A and B.
- Beginning therapy within 48 hours of symptom onset may shorten the duration of illness.
- Side effects: Details not readily available.
Cap-Dependent Endonuclease Inhibitors
- Baloxavir inhibits the influenza virus's cap-dependent endonuclease, which is essential for viral replication.
- Treatment and prevention of influenza A and B.
- Beginning therapy within 48 hours of symptom onset may shorten the duration of illness.
- Side effects: Details not readily available.
ATP Analogues
- Remdesivir mimics ATP, being incorporated into viral RNA, causing premature termination of RNA synthesis and inhibiting viral replication.
- Treatment for COVID-19 requiring hospitalization.
- Side effects: Details not readily available.
Guanosine Analogs
- Acyclovir, Famciclovir, and Valacyclovir target Viral DNA polymerase, reducing side effects targeting healthy cells.
- Used to treat: HSV-induced mucocutaneous lesions, Encephalitis, Prophylaxis in immunocompromised patients, Patients with recurrent or severe infections, Herpes zoster
- Side effects include: obstructive crystalline nephropathy and acute kidney injury (if not adequately hydrated).
Viral DNA/RNA Polymerase Inhibitors
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Ganciclovir targets viral kinase (UL97) to form 5'-monophosphate, then subsequently triphosphate forming by cellular kinases to inhibit viral DNA polymerase.
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Effective against CMV infections, especially in patients who are immunocompromised.
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Side effects include: renal toxicity, myelosuppression (thrombocytopenia, neutropenia, leukopenia).
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Foscarnet directly inhibits viral DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase, and HIV reverse transcriptase.
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Used to treat: CMV retinitis in immunocompromised patients and Acyclovir-resistant HSV.
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Side effects include: Nephrotoxicity, multiple electrolyte abnormalities can lead to seizures.
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Cidofovir inhibits viral DNA polymerase directly, disrupting viral DNA synthesis.
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Used to treat: CMV retinitis in immunocompromised patients.
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Side effects include: Nephrotoxicity; should be co-administered with probenecid and IV saline to decrease toxicity.
Antiviral Medications: Mechanisms of Action, Clinical Indications, and Side Effects
- Antiviral medications target different steps of the viral replication cycle to help treat or prevent viral infections.
- Neuraminidase inhibitors like oseltamivir and zanamivir target the enzyme neuraminidase, which prevents the release of newly formed viruses from infected cells.
- Baloxavir inhibits the influenza virus's cap-dependent endonuclease, blocking the "cap-snatching" process essential for viral mRNA synthesis.
- Remdesivir mimics ATP, incorporating itself into viral RNA and causing premature termination of RNA synthesis, inhibiting viral replication.
- Guanosine analogs like acyclovir, famciclovir, and valacyclovir are activated by thymidine kinase, targeting viral DNA polymerase and minimizing harm to healthy cells.
- Ganciclovir relies on viral kinase (UL97) for initial phosphorylation, leading to inhibition of viral DNA polymerase, proving effective against CMV and other viruses.
- Foscarnet directly inhibits viral DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase, and HIV reverse transcriptase by binding to the pyrophosphate-binding site, halting DNA elongation.
- Cidofovir directly inhibits viral DNA polymerase, disrupting viral DNA synthesis without requiring phosphorylation by viral kinase.
- While the provided table offers a starting point, consulting the full document is crucial for gathering complete information on specific side effects and clinical details for each antiviral drug.
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Description
This quiz covers the mechanisms of action, clinical indications, and side effects of various antiviral medications. It includes details on neuraminidase inhibitors, cap-dependent endonuclease inhibitors, and ATP analogues. Test your knowledge on their applications in treating influenza and other viral infections.
