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Questions and Answers

Which of the following drugs works by inhibiting the DPP-4 enzyme?

  • Glipizide
  • Pioglitazone
  • Sitagliptin (correct)
  • Metformin

    • Which class of drugs is associated with an increased risk of bone fractures?

  • Thiazolidinediones (correct)
  • Sulfonylureas
  • Biguanides
  • GLP-1 agonists

    • Which type of diabetes is most likely to present with ketoacidosis?

  • Gestational Diabetes
  • Maturity-Onset Diabetes of the Young (MODY)
  • Type 2 Diabetes
  • Type 1 Diabetes (correct)

    • Which condition is particularly beneficially managed by GLP-1 agonists besides diabetes?

    <p>Obesity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following drugs is most likely to cause hypoglycemia?

    <p>Glimepiride</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following insulin types is usually administered once daily?

    <p>Long-acting insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common early sign of CKD?

    <p>Proteinuria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is characterized by albuminuria and is a sign of kidney damage?

    <p>Diabetic nephropathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which electrolyte disturbance is commonly associated with the use of potassium-sparing diuretics?

    <p>Hyperkalemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is a potential long-term complication of chronic hyperglycemia in diabetes?

    <p>Peripheral neuropathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following therapies helps to control secondary hyperparathyroidism in CKD?

    <p>Vitamin D analogs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following insulin regimens offers the most flexibility in meal planning?

    <p>Basal-bolus regimen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common side effect associated with SGLT2 inhibitors?

    <p>Genital infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is used to evaluate the severity of proteinuria in CKD?

    <p>Urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a treatment goal for CKD patients with hyperparathyroidism?

    <p>Suppress parathyroid hormone secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of measuring serum creatinine in renal function tests?

    <p>To assess renal filtration ability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following therapies is used to manage hyperphosphatemia in CKD?

    <p>Phosphate binders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following tests provides the most immediate feedback on blood glucose levels?

    <p>Self-Monitoring of Blood Glucose (SMBG)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary action of insulin secretagogues like sulfonylureas?

    <p>Stimulate insulin secretion from the pancreas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key complication of untreated CKD?

    <p>Cardiovascular disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential serious side effect of Metformin?

    <p>Lactic acidosis, especially in patients with renal impairment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe the role of the kidney in regulating blood pressure.

    <p>The kidney regulates blood pressure through the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), which adjusts blood volume and systemic vascular resistance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary action of loop diuretics in CKD management?

    <p>Loop diuretics inhibit sodium and chloride reabsorption in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle, leading to increased urine output and decreased fluid retention.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test is often used to monitor the progression of CKD?

    <p>The Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) test.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common early indicator of kidney damage in diabetes?

    <p>Microalbuminuria (small amounts of albumin in the urine).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    • Sitagliptin inhibits the DPP-4 enzyme, enhancing glucose-dependent insulin secretion.
    • Thiazolidinediones are associated with a higher risk of bone fractures.
    • Type 1 diabetes is the type mostly likely to progress to ketoacidosis.
    • GLP-1 agonists are beneficial for managing obesity in addition to diabetes.
    • Glimepiride is likely to cause hypoglycemia as it stimulates insulin secretion.

    Insulin Types and Administration

    • Long-acting insulin is typically administered once daily to maintain stable blood glucose levels.
    • The basal-bolus regimen offers flexibility in meal planning, allowing for better individual management of diabetes.

    Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) Indicators

    • Proteinuria is a common early sign of CKD and indicates potential kidney damage.
    • Diabetic nephropathy is characterized by albuminuria, serving as a marker for kidney damage.
    • Hyperkalemia is a common disturbance linked to potassium-sparing diuretics.

    Complications and Monitoring of Diabetes and CKD

    • Peripheral neuropathy is a potential long-term complication of chronic hyperglycemia in diabetes.
    • Vitamin D analogs help control secondary hyperparathyroidism in CKD patients.
    • The urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio assesses the severity of proteinuria in CKD.

    Managing Kidney Health

    • Goals for managing hyperparathyroidism in CKD include suppressing parathyroid hormone secretion.
    • Serum creatinine is measured primarily to evaluate renal filtration ability.
    • Phosphate binders are used to manage hyperphosphatemia in CKD.

    Glucose Monitoring and Management

    • Self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) provides immediate feedback on blood glucose levels.
    • Insulin secretagogues, such as sulfonylureas, stimulate insulin secretion from the pancreas.

    Serious Side Effects and Role of Kidneys

    • Metformin can cause lactic acidosis, particularly in those with renal impairment.
    • The kidneys regulate blood pressure through the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), influencing blood volume and vascular resistance.

    CKD Progression Monitoring

    • The Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) is the primary test used to monitor CKD progression.
    • Microalbuminuria is a common early indicator of kidney damage in individuals with diabetes.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on the pharmacological aspects of diabetes medications with this quiz. It covers various classes of drugs, their mechanisms, and associated risks. Ideal for students in health sciences or pharmacology courses.

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