mix1.1.docx

1\. Which of the following drugs works by inhibiting DPP-4 enzyme? \- A) Metformin \- B) Sitagliptin \- C) Glipizide \- D) Pioglitazone Answer: B) Sitagliptin 2\. Which class of drugs is associated with an increased risk of bone fractures? \- A) Sulfonylureas \- B) Thiazolidinediones \- C)...

1\. Which of the following drugs works by inhibiting DPP-4 enzyme? \- A) Metformin \- B) Sitagliptin \- C) Glipizide \- D) Pioglitazone Answer: B) Sitagliptin 2\. Which class of drugs is associated with an increased risk of bone fractures? \- A) Sulfonylureas \- B) Thiazolidinediones \- C) GLP-1 agonists \- D) Biguanides Answer: B) Thiazolidinediones 3\. Which type of diabetes is most likely to present with ketoacidosis? \- A) Type 1 Diabetes \- B) Type 2 Diabetes \- C) Gestational Diabetes \- D) Maturity-Onset Diabetes of the Young (MODY) Answer: A) Type 1 Diabetes 4\. Which condition is particularly beneficially managed by GLP-1 agonists besides diabetes? \- A) Obesity \- B) Hypertension \- C) Dyslipidemia \- D) Hyperthyroidism Answer: A) Obesity 5\. Which of the following drugs is most likely to cause hypoglycemia? \- A) Metformin \- B) Glimepiride \- C) Sitagliptin \- D) Dapagliflozin Answer: B) Glimepiride 6\. Which of the following insulin types is usually administered once daily? \- A) Rapid-acting insulin \- B) Short-acting insulin \- C) Intermediate-acting insulin \- D) Long-acting insulin Answer: D) Long-acting insulin 7\. Which of the following is a common early sign of CKD? \- A) Hyperkalemia \- B) Polyuria \- C) Proteinuria \- D) Hypercalcemia Answer: C) Proteinuria 8\. Which of the following conditions is characterized by albuminuria and is a sign of kidney damage? \- A) Diabetic nephropathy \- B) Hepatorenal syndrome \- C) Renal artery stenosis \- D) Glomerulonephritis Answer: A) Diabetic nephropathy 9\. Which electrolyte disturbance is commonly associated with the use of potassium-sparing diuretics? \- A) Hypernatremia \- B) Hypokalemia \- C) Hyperkalemia \- D) Hypocalcemia Answer: C) Hyperkalemia 10\. Which of the following conditions is a potential long-term complication of chronic hyperglycemia in diabetes? \- A) Glaucoma \- B) Peripheral neuropathy \- C) Hypothyroidism \- D) Cushing\'s syndrome Answer: B) Peripheral neuropathy 11\. Which of the following therapies helps to control secondary hyperparathyroidism in CKD? \- A) Loop diuretics \- B) Calcium supplements \- C) Vitamin D analogs \- D) ACE inhibitors Answer: C) Vitamin D analogs 12\. Which of the following insulin regimens offers the most flexibility in meal planning? \- A) Split-mixed regimen \- B) Basal-bolus regimen \- C) Intermediate-acting insulin only \- D) Premixed insulin Answer: B) Basal-bolus regimen 13\. What is the most common side effect associated with SGLT2 inhibitors? \- A) Hypoglycemia \- B) Weight gain \- C) Genital infections \- D) Gastrointestinal upset Answer: C) Genital infections 14\. Which of the following is used to evaluate the severity of proteinuria in CKD? \- A) Serum creatinine \- B) Urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio \- C) Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) \- D) Serum potassium Answer: B) Urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio 15\. Which of the following is a treatment goal for CKD patients with hyperparathyroidism? \- A) Increase serum phosphate levels \- B) Suppress parathyroid hormone secretion \- C) Increase calcium absorption \- D) Decrease sodium intake Answer: B) Suppress parathyroid hormone secretion 16\. What is the primary purpose of measuring serum creatinine in renal function tests? \- A) To measure glucose levels \- B) To assess renal filtration ability \- C) To measure protein levels \- D) To assess liver function Answer: B) To assess renal filtration ability 17\. Which of the following therapies is used to manage hyperphosphatemia in CKD? \- A) Statins \- B) Phosphate binders \- C) Calcium channel blockers \- D) Beta-blockers Answer: B) Phosphate binders 18\. Which of the following tests provides the most immediate feedback on blood glucose levels? \- A) HbA1c \- B) Fasting Blood Glucose (FBG) \- C) Random Blood Glucose (RBG) \- D) Self-Monitoring of Blood Glucose (SMBG) Answer: D) Self-Monitoring of Blood Glucose (SMBG) 19\. What is the primary action of insulin secretagogues like sulfonylureas? \- A) Increase insulin sensitivity \- B) Stimulate insulin secretion from the pancreas \- C) Delay carbohydrate absorption \- D) Inhibit glucose reabsorption in the kidneys Answer: B) Stimulate insulin secretion from the pancreas 20\. Which of the following is a key complication of untreated CKD? \- A) Cardiovascular disease \- B) Hyperglycemia \- C) Hypokalemia \- D) Anemia Answer: A) Cardiovascular disease Short Answer Questions: 1\. What is a potential serious side effect of Metformin? \- Answer: Lactic acidosis, especially in patients with renal impairment. 2\. Describe the role of the kidney in regulating blood pressure. \- Answer: The kidney regulates blood pressure through the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), which adjusts blood volume and systemic vascular resistance. 3\. What is the primary action of loop diuretics in CKD management? \- Answer: Loop diuretics inhibit sodium and chloride reabsorption in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle, leading to increased urine output and decreased fluid retention. 4\. Which test is often used to monitor the progression of CKD? \- Answer: The Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) test. 5\. What is a common early indicator of kidney damage in diabetes? \- Answer: Microalbuminuria (small amounts of albumin in the urine). \-\-- These questions and answers should align with the content from the PDFs you provided.