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Questions and Answers
Which adverse effect is associated with Ethosuximide use for epilepsy?
Which adverse effect is associated with Ethosuximide use for epilepsy?
What is a potential risk of using Valproate during pregnancy?
What is a potential risk of using Valproate during pregnancy?
Which medication is indicated for the treatment of bipolar disorder?
Which medication is indicated for the treatment of bipolar disorder?
What is a common neurological side effect of the medication Ethosuximide?
What is a common neurological side effect of the medication Ethosuximide?
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Which of the following conditions is contraindicated with the use of Phenytoin?
Which of the following conditions is contraindicated with the use of Phenytoin?
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Which condition might indicate the use of Valproate for treatment?
Which condition might indicate the use of Valproate for treatment?
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What is the primary mechanism of action for Carbamazepine?
What is the primary mechanism of action for Carbamazepine?
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Which of these side effects is NOT typically associated with Valproate treatment?
Which of these side effects is NOT typically associated with Valproate treatment?
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What is a significant concern when discontinuing Carbamazepine suddenly?
What is a significant concern when discontinuing Carbamazepine suddenly?
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Which patient group should be monitored closely when prescribed Ethosuximide?
Which patient group should be monitored closely when prescribed Ethosuximide?
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Which medication is associated with migraine prophylaxis?
Which medication is associated with migraine prophylaxis?
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What condition is primarily treated with Gabapentin?
What condition is primarily treated with Gabapentin?
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Which of the following is NOT typically a use for Pregabalin?
Which of the following is NOT typically a use for Pregabalin?
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What is a characteristic of medications used in seizure management?
What is a characteristic of medications used in seizure management?
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Which drug has a partial agonist indication in seizure treatment?
Which drug has a partial agonist indication in seizure treatment?
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Which drug is classified as an α1 agonist for nasal decongestion?
Which drug is classified as an α1 agonist for nasal decongestion?
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Which medication primarily acts on β1 receptors and is used in cases of cardiogenic shock?
Which medication primarily acts on β1 receptors and is used in cases of cardiogenic shock?
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Which category of drug commonly used for allergic rhinitis is known for having both oral and topical administration routes?
Which category of drug commonly used for allergic rhinitis is known for having both oral and topical administration routes?
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What is the mechanism of action for Clonidine in managing blood pressure?
What is the mechanism of action for Clonidine in managing blood pressure?
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Which medication is indicated primarily for treating hyperadrenergic states?
Which medication is indicated primarily for treating hyperadrenergic states?
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Identify the α1 antagonist used primarily to manage hypertension.
Identify the α1 antagonist used primarily to manage hypertension.
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Which drug is specifically utilized for its selective β2 agonist properties in asthmatic patients?
Which drug is specifically utilized for its selective β2 agonist properties in asthmatic patients?
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Which medication would be prescribed to reduce the hyperactive sympathetic response in patients experiencing pheochromocytoma?
Which medication would be prescribed to reduce the hyperactive sympathetic response in patients experiencing pheochromocytoma?
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Which drug acts as a mixed-action sympathomimetic indicated for ADHD?
Which drug acts as a mixed-action sympathomimetic indicated for ADHD?
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Which α2 agonist is often used for its sedative effects in managing opioid withdrawal?
Which α2 agonist is often used for its sedative effects in managing opioid withdrawal?
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What differentiates the action of Ritodrine from typical β agonists?
What differentiates the action of Ritodrine from typical β agonists?
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Which drug listed has been widely used for treating acute hypotensive states?
Which drug listed has been widely used for treating acute hypotensive states?
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Identify the primary action of Doxazosin when treating urinary symptoms in benign prostatic hyperplasia.
Identify the primary action of Doxazosin when treating urinary symptoms in benign prostatic hyperplasia.
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What effect does epinephrine have at high doses?
What effect does epinephrine have at high doses?
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Which receptor is primarily stimulated by dopamine at small doses?
Which receptor is primarily stimulated by dopamine at small doses?
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What is a potential consequence of using norepinephrine in the treatment of shock?
What is a potential consequence of using norepinephrine in the treatment of shock?
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What role does epinephrine play in anaphylaxis management?
What role does epinephrine play in anaphylaxis management?
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Which action does beta-2 adrenergic stimulation NOT contribute to?
Which action does beta-2 adrenergic stimulation NOT contribute to?
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In what situation might the administration of nasal decongestants pose a risk?
In what situation might the administration of nasal decongestants pose a risk?
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What mechanism is primarily involved in the action of catecholamines on cardiac tissue?
What mechanism is primarily involved in the action of catecholamines on cardiac tissue?
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What is a typical side effect of adrenergic agonists like epinephrine?
What is a typical side effect of adrenergic agonists like epinephrine?
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What physiological effect does norepinephrine have on blood vessels?
What physiological effect does norepinephrine have on blood vessels?
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What is the result of excessive alpha-1 adrenergic receptor stimulation?
What is the result of excessive alpha-1 adrenergic receptor stimulation?
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How do beta-2 agonists typically affect the gastrointestinal tract?
How do beta-2 agonists typically affect the gastrointestinal tract?
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What complication can arise from the use of high-dose epinephrine in cardiac arrest?
What complication can arise from the use of high-dose epinephrine in cardiac arrest?
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What is one of the primary therapeutic purposes of catecholamines in emergency medicine?
What is one of the primary therapeutic purposes of catecholamines in emergency medicine?
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Which neurotransmitter does Mirtaapine primarily antagonize?
Which neurotransmitter does Mirtaapine primarily antagonize?
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What is a common side effect associated with Lithium?
What is a common side effect associated with Lithium?
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Oxcarbazepine affects what receptor to exert its antidepressant effects?
Oxcarbazepine affects what receptor to exert its antidepressant effects?
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What type of drug is Agomelatine?
What type of drug is Agomelatine?
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Which receptor does Olanzapine predominantly antagonize?
Which receptor does Olanzapine predominantly antagonize?
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What mechanism do Benzodiazepines primarily use to enhance their effects?
What mechanism do Benzodiazepines primarily use to enhance their effects?
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Which of the following is noted as a side effect of Valproate?
Which of the following is noted as a side effect of Valproate?
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What is the main clinical use of Lithium?
What is the main clinical use of Lithium?
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Which drug class does Trazoone belong to?
Which drug class does Trazoone belong to?
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What mechanism does Lamotrigine utilize in epilepsy treatment?
What mechanism does Lamotrigine utilize in epilepsy treatment?
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What is one effect associated with the use of Agomelatine?
What is one effect associated with the use of Agomelatine?
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Risperidone is primarily used to treat which of the following disorders?
Risperidone is primarily used to treat which of the following disorders?
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Which of the following drugs is most associated with hepatotoxicity?
Which of the following drugs is most associated with hepatotoxicity?
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Which medication is known to induce metabolic side effects such as weight gain and diabetes?
Which medication is known to induce metabolic side effects such as weight gain and diabetes?
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Study Notes
Bipolar (Carb a) / Mania c-depressive
- Drug: Lithium
- Route: Oral
- Dosing: 6 months if >2 years of treatment
-
Side Effects:
- Neuropathic pain
- Hirsutism, megaloblastic anemia, fetal malformation, hypersensitivity
-
Stopping Treatment:
- If no seizures, stop treatment
- If seizures, Stop treatment for 6 months, then continue therapy
Epilepsy (Ø seizure)
- Drug: Ethosuximide
- Route: Oral
- Mechanism of Action: Inhibits CA2+ channel
-
Side Effects:
- Nausea
- Anorexia, Lethargy, Dizziness, Hypersensitivity
Epilepsy (infantile/tonic-clonic/myodes)
- Drug: Valproate, Depakine
- Route: Oral
- Duration: 15h
-
Side Effects:
- Nausea, hair loss, weight gain, fetal weakness
- Pregnant = spina bifida!!
Adrenaline / Epinephrine
- Route: IV, SC, IM, inhalation,
-
Mechanism of Action: Catecholamine; adrenergic
- β1: Cardiovasc; vasoconstriction (high doses)
- α: (high doses)
- β2: (low doses)
-
Side Effects:
- Panic, anxiety, tremor, cerebrovascular
- Arrhythmias (haemorrhages)
- ↑ HR, BP, systolic contraction
-
Contraindications:
- Heart block
- Anaesthesia
- Angio-edema (allergy)
NA / NE
- Route: IV, IM
-
Mechanism of Action: Agonist
- α: vasoconstriction
- β:
-
Side Effects:
- Tachycardia
- Arrhythmias (necrosis/bleeding)
- Hyperthermia (necrosis/bleeding)
- Topical nasal decongestant
-
Contraindications:
- Local bleeding
- HypoT
- Anaphylactic shock
- ↓ GI motility
Dopamine
- Mechanism of Action: Small doses = D1 receptor
-
Side Effects:
- Vasodilation
Alpha 1 Adrenergic Agonists
- Naphfazoline - Used for topical vasoconstriction of the eye and nose.
- Phenylephrine - Used for nasal decongestion, cold symptoms, and topical vasoconstriction of the eye and nose.
- Pseudoephedrine - Used for cold symptoms, allergic rhinitis, and as a component in combination antihistamine/antitussive/NSAID formulations.
- Oxymetazoline - Used for nasal decongestion.
- Xylometazoline - Used for nasal decongestion and cough relief.
- Phenylephrine - Used for hypotensive shock, sinusitis, and as a component in combination antihistamine/antitussive/NSAID formulations.
Alpha 1 Adrenergic Antagonists
- Phenoxybenzamine - Used for treatment of pheochromocytoma (tumor of the adrenal medulla) and as a α-adrenergic antagonist to control blood pressure.
- Phentolamine - Used to treat hypertensive crisis, particularly in patients with pheochromocytoma.
- Prazosin - Used for hypertension and can cause orthostatic hypotension and tachycardia.
- Doxazosin - Used for severe hypertension.
- Terazosin - Used for hypertension.
- Tamsulosin - Used for benign prostatic hypertrophy and can impair ejaculation.
- Yohimbine - Used as a selective α2-adrenergic antagonist.
- Idazoxan - Used as a selective α2-adrenergic antagonist.
Alpha 2 Adrenergic Agonists
- Clonidine - Used for opioid/alcohol withdrawal, hypertension, and as an antihypertensive agent. It can cause orthostatic hypotension, bradycardia, dry mouth, and drowsiness.
- Ergot amines - Used as α2-adrenergic receptor blockers for migraines and cluster headaches.
Beta 1 Adrenergic Agonists
- Dobutamine - Used to treat cardiogenic shock.
Beta 2 Adrenergic Agonists
- Salbutamol - A short-acting (2-6 hours) β2-adrenergic agonist used for bronchial asthma.
- Terbutaline - A β2-adrenergic agonist that can be used for asthma and preterm labor.
- Salmeterol - A long-acting β2-adrenergic agonist used for asthma.
- Ritonodrine - A β2-adrenergic agonist that can be used for preterm labor and uterine relaxation.
- Mirabegron - A β2-adrenergic agonist for bladder relaxation.
- Ephedrine - A mixed acting α/β agonist used as a nasal decongestant (in combination with other medications) and for allergic rhinitis. It has a high rate of CNS effects and can cause tachycardia, hypertension, and can interact with MAOIs.
Mixed Acting Alpha/Beta Agonists
- Amphetamine - Used for ADHD, narcolepsy, and epilepsy. It can cause euphoria, talkativeness, and increased physical activity. It is also used as a performance enhancer and has a high potential for abuse.
Other Drugs
- Phentanolamine - An ergot derivative, used as an α-adrenergic antagonist and can cause orthostatic hypotension.
Medications for Psychiatric Disorders
- St. John's Wort is used for anxiety, depression, and hyperforin is the active ingredient.
- St. John's Wort inhibits the reuptake of serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine, GABA, and glutamate.
- Mirtazapine is an antidepressant that blocks alpha-2 adrenergic, 5HT2C, and H1 receptors.
- Trazodone is an antidepressant. It blocks 5-HT2A, 5-HT2C, and does not affect serotonin reuptake.
- Agomelatine is an antidepressant used for severe depression, circadian disturbances, and is a melatonin agonist.
- Agomelatine is an antagonist of MT1 and MT2 receptors.
- Lithium salts are used for bipolar disorder, Alzheimer’s disease, and are commonly prescribed to reduce the incidence of suicidal behavior.
- Lithium salts increase the release of norepinephrine and serotonin.
- Lithium salts are associated with gastrointestinal discomfort, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, anorexia, weight gain, polyuria, and tremor.
- Lithium salts can cause thyroid/kidney disorders or fetal malformations.
- Oxcarbazepine is used for bipolar depression, epilepsy, and is an enzyme inducer that reduces side effects.
- Valproate is used for epilepsy and is a teratogen.
- Lamotrigine is used for Epilepsy and is also a teratogen which prevents recurrence of seizures.
- Olanzapine is an anti-psychotic which functions as an antagonist of D2 and 5HT2A receptors.
- Risperidone is an anti-psychotic which functions as an antagonist of D2 and 5HT2A receptors.
- Quetiapine is an anti-psychotic used for schizophrenia, bipolar disorder.
- Aripiprazole is an anti-psychotic used for mania and bipolar disorder.
- Fluoxetine (SSRI) is an anti-psychotic used for mania and bipolar disorder.
- Haloperidol is used as a prophylactic for manic depression and anxiety disorders.
- Benzodiazepines (BZD) are used for anxiety, epilepsy, and are lipophilic, GABA-A receptor selective, and reduce anxiety but can be fatal.
- Gabapentin is used for epilepsy and is a GABA analogue, but does not interact with GABA receptors.
- Gabapentin is a teratogen.
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Description
This quiz covers the pharmacological treatments for bipolar disorder and various types of epilepsy. It includes information on medications such as Lithium, Ethosuximide, and Valproate, along with their routes of administration, side effects, and mechanisms of action. Test your knowledge on these essential psychiatric and neurological drugs.
