Pharmacology of Antibiotics Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of Clindamycin?

  • Inhibits bacteria's ability to replicate
  • Alters DNA of bacteria
  • Inhibits cell wall synthesis
  • Inhibits protein synthesis (correct)

Which of the following conditions is NOT a contraindication for the use of Clindamycin?

  • Neuromuscular drugs
  • Ulcerative colitis
  • History of thrombocytopenia (correct)
  • Allergy

What type of infections is Metronidazole commonly indicated for?

  • Bone infections
  • Chronic bone infections
  • Gynecological infections (correct)
  • Only Gram-positive bacteria infections

Which adverse effect is associated with Clindamycin?

<p>Pseudomembranous colitis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary indication for Vancomycin?

<p>MRSA infections (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following antibiotic classes inhibit protein synthesis?

<p>Macrolides (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which class of antibiotics is known for interfering with cell wall synthesis?

<p>Beta-Lactams (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of bactericidal antibiotics?

<p>They kill bacteria directly. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a cause of antibiotic resistance?

<p>Taking antibiotics as prescribed (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which antibiotic class acts as antimetabolites and interferes with folic acid synthesis?

<p>Sulfonamides (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bacterial infection is generally more challenging to treat?

<p>Gram-negative infections (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Antibiotic therapy is primarily used to treat which of the following?

<p>Bacterial infections (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about bacteriostatic antibiotics is true?

<p>They inhibit the growth of bacteria. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a contraindication for the use of aminoglycosides?

<p>Renal impairment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following adverse effects is associated with vancomycin?

<p>Neutropenia (A), Ototoxicity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which antibiotic class is indicated for severe Gram-negative infections?

<p>Aminoglycosides (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a recommended nursing implication for patients receiving antibiotics?

<p>Monitor urine output (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition requires caution when using neuromuscular blockers?

<p>Older adults (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of superinfection during antibiotic treatment?

<p>Colonization by drug-resistant bacteria (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a reason for sub-therapeutic antibiotic therapy?

<p>Excessive dosage of the antibiotic (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which antibiotic class is contraindicated in pregnant women due to possible effects on bone and teeth?

<p>Tetracyclines (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common adverse effect associated with Aminoglycosides?

<p>Nephrotoxicity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which antibiotic class relies primarily on time-dependent killing action?

<p>Beta-Lactams (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which option describes a potential adverse effect of Fluoroquinolones?

<p>Tendon rupture (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following antibiotics is effective in treating urinary tract infections?

<p>Fluoroquinolones (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition can result from penicillin and cephalosporin allergies?

<p>Anaphylactic shock (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action for Tetracyclines?

<p>Protein synthesis inhibitor (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which adverse effect is most commonly associated with Macrolides?

<p>GI upset (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition should be monitored in patients taking Aminoglycosides?

<p>Renal function (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which situation should Tetracyclines be avoided?

<p>In children under 8 years old (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following bacteria are primarily affected by penicillins?

<p>Staphylococcus aureus (A), Enterococcus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of cephalosporins?

<p>Inhibits bacteria cell wall synthesis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which antibiotic class is primarily effective against gram-positive bacteria?

<p>Macrolides (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What potential interaction should be remembered when prescribing Macrolides?

<p>Competes for liver metabolism with several drugs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which adverse effect is most commonly associated with penicillins?

<p>Gastrointestinal upset (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an adverse effect of Tetracyclines?

<p>Nephrotoxicity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which drug interaction can occur with penicillin?

<p>Aminoglycosides having an inhibitory effect (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of antibiotic is classified as bacteriostatic but can become bactericidal at high concentrations?

<p>Macrolides (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which indication is most suitable for Aminoglycosides?

<p>Serious infections (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common adverse effect of macrolide antibiotics?

<p>Gastrointestinal disturbances (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of penicillin is typically contraindicated with certain potassium supplements?

<p>Extended-spectrum penicillins (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a nursing implication when administering antibiotics like penicillin?

<p>Monitor skin and bowel function (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an adverse effect associated with the use of vancomycin?

<p>Ototoxicity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can lead to superinfections during antibiotic therapy?

<p>Destruction of normal bacterial flora (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is a contraindication for using aminoglycosides?

<p>Renal impairment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding sub-therapeutic antibiotic therapy?

<p>It can result from insufficient drug levels. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What indicates a need for caution when administering neuromuscular blockers?

<p>Older adults (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What adverse effect is associated with macrolide antibiotics?

<p>QT prolongation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which adverse effect is commonly associated with beta-lactam antibiotics?

<p>Allergic reactions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which class of antibiotics is specifically contraindicated in children and pregnant women due to potential effects on bone and teeth?

<p>Tetracyclines (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nursing implication is important for a patient receiving vancomycin?

<p>Ensure adequate hydration (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of beta-lactam antibiotics?

<p>They are time-dependent killing agents. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an adverse effect associated with macrolide antibiotics?

<p>QT prolongation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which bacterial infections are aminoglycosides primarily indicated for?

<p>Serious infections such as GI/GU and endocarditis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common cause of bacterial resistance to antibiotics?

<p>Inadequate drug penetration (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an adverse effect commonly associated with Clindamycin?

<p>Pseudomembranous colitis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary nursing implication for administering Metronidazole?

<p>Advise the patient to keep hydrated. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism of action does Vancomycin primarily use to combat bacteria?

<p>Destroys bacterial cell walls (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which antibiotic is contraindicated for patients using alcohol?

<p>Metronidazole (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of infections is Clindamycin indicated for?

<p>Chronic bone infections and UTIs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common adverse effect of Macrolides?

<p>GI upset (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a notable contraindication for the use of Tetracyclines?

<p>Pregnancy and nursing (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which antibiotic class is known for causing nephrotoxicity?

<p>Aminoglycosides (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about nursing implications for Tetracyclines is true?

<p>Do not take with antacids for at least 4 hours. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism of action do Aminoglycosides have?

<p>Bactericidal and disrupt cell membrane (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What special monitoring should be conducted for patients taking Aminoglycosides?

<p>Renal assessment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of infections are Tetracyclines primarily indicated for?

<p>Skin infections and acne (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which interaction should be noted when prescribing Macrolides?

<p>Decreased effectiveness of oral contraceptives (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes antibiotics that inhibit the growth of bacteria without necessarily killing them?

<p>Bacteriostatic (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following mechanisms is primarily utilized by beta-lactam antibiotics?

<p>Interference with cell wall synthesis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which class of antibiotics is known to be effective against gram-positive bacteria due to their mechanism of action?

<p>Macrolides (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is a primary cause of antibiotic resistance?

<p>Overuse and misuse of antibiotics (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes bactericidal antibiotics?

<p>They kill bacteria outright. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common indication for the use of cephalosporins?

<p>Surgical prophylaxis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about fluoroquinolones is accurate?

<p>They interfere with DNA replication and RNA synthesis. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which class of antibiotics often requires monitoring of renal function due to potential toxicity?

<p>Aminoglycosides (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of macrolide antibiotics?

<p>Inhibit protein synthesis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant nursing consideration when administering antibiotics?

<p>Patient history of drug allergies needs to be reviewed. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential drug interaction with penicillin?

<p>Increased free penicillin due to competition with NSAIDs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What classification does a drug need to fall under to be considered bactericidal?

<p>Inhibits cell wall synthesis leading to cell death (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following bacterial strains do penicillins provide limited activity against?

<p>E. coli (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which situation should caution be exercised when prescribing penicillins?

<p>Patients with a previous allergic reaction to penicillin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which antibiotic class has a mechanism of action that involves infiltrating bacterial cells?

<p>Cephalosporins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Antibiotic Therapy

Treatment of bacterial infections using drugs that target bacterial cells without harming human cells.

Antibiotic Resistance

Bacteria adapt and become less responsive to antibiotic drugs.

Gram-negative bacteria

Bacteria with a more complex cell wall, often harder to treat than gram-positive bacteria.

Bactericidal antibiotics

Antibiotics that directly kill bacteria.

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Bacteriostatic antibiotics

Antibiotics that stop bacteria from growing.

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Cell wall synthesis inhibitors

Antibiotics that prevent bacteria from building new cell walls.

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Protein synthesis inhibitors

Antibiotics that prevent bacteria from making proteins.

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Antibiotic use causes resistance

Overuse and improper use of antibiotics leads to the growth of antibiotic-resistant bacteria.

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Penicillin's Mechanism

Penicillin inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis, killing bacteria.

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Penicillin's Spectrum

Penicillin works mainly on gram-positive bacteria, with some action on gram-negatives.

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Cephalosporin's Action

Cephalosporins, like penicillin, are cell wall inhibitors, disrupting bacterial growth.

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Cephalosporin Generations

Cephalosporin generations have varying strengths, acting on different bacterial types.

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Macrolide Mechanism

Macrolides inhibit bacterial protein synthesis.

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Penicillin Adverse Effects

Common: GI upset (diarrhea, nausea/vomiting); potential allergic reactions (rash, swelling).

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Antibiotic Interactions

Combining certain antibiotics can lead to stronger or weaker effects.

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Nursing Implications

Monitoring a patient's skin, bowels, and lab work is crucial during antibiotic treatment.

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Superinfection

A new infection that develops during or after treatment for another infection, often due to antibiotic use disrupting the body's normal bacteria.

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Sub-therapeutic Therapy

Antibiotic treatment that is not strong enough to effectively kill the infection-causing bacteria.

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Beta-Lactam Antibiotics

Antibiotics with a specific chemical structure, effective against many bacterial infections, like respiratory, skin, and urinary infections

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Macrolide Antibiotics

Antibiotics used to treat respiratory infections and some STIs

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Aminoglycoside Antibiotics

Antibiotics used to treat serious infections, such as those in the gut, urinary tract, and the heart lining.

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Tetracycline Antibiotics

Antibiotics used for various issues including acne, respiratory infections, sexually transmitted infections, and diseases transmitted by ticks.

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Fluoroquinolone Antibiotics

Antibiotics used for certain urinary, respiratory, and some stomach infections.

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Clindamycin: What bacteria?

Clindamycin is effective against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.

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Clindamycin: How does it work?

Clindamycin inhibits protein synthesis in bacteria, preventing them from making essential proteins.

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Metronidazole: What's its MOA?

Metronidazole is a bactericidal antibiotic that alters the DNA of bacteria, interfering with their replication and growth.

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Vancomycin: What does it target?

Vancomycin is a bactericidal antibiotic that interferes with bacterial cell wall synthesis, leading to cell death.

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Vancomycin: What infections is it used for?

Vancomycin is primarily used to treat MRSA and C. difficile infections, as well as other serious infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria.

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Macrolide adverse effects

Common side effect is gastrointestinal upset; interacts with several drugs, lowering the efficiency of birth control pills.

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Tetracycline mechanism

Tetracyclines are bacteriostatic, stopping protein synthesis within bacterial cells.

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Tetracycline indications

Wide-spectrum antibiotics treating various conditions, including acne, infections, and pneumonia.

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Aminoglycoside mechanism

Aminoglycosides are bactericidal, interfering with bacterial protein synthesis and cell membranes.

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Aminoglycoside adverse effects

Potential side effects include hearing loss (ototoxicity) and kidney damage (nephrotoxicity).

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Tetracycline drug interactions

Avoid concurrent intake with calcium, iron, and some other medications; avoid during pregnancy or in children under 8 years.

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Aminoglycoside contraindications

Contraindicated in pregnancy/nursing, those with renal impairment, those taking loop diuretics or oral anticoagulants, and those with allergies.

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Vancomycin Use

Vancomycin is used for serious bacterial infections, especially when other antibiotics haven't worked. It's given intravenously (IV).

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Vancomycin Nursing Care

Monitor the patient closely for signs of toxicity (hearing loss, kidney problems), ensure adequate hydration, and monitor urine output.

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Aminoglycoside Risks

Aminoglycosides can cause serious side effects like kidney damage (nephrotoxicity) and hearing loss (ototoxicity).

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Tetracycline Precautions

Tetracyclines should be avoided in children due to potential tooth discoloration and bone problems.

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Time-dependent killing

The effectiveness of an antibiotic depends on the duration of exposure to a specific concentration, not just the peak concentration.

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β-Lactam Antibiotics

Antibiotics with a specific chemical structure known for their effectiveness against bacterial infections, especially respiratory, skin, and urinary.

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Macrolides: What infections are they used for?

Macrolide antibiotics are primarily used to treat respiratory infections and some sexually transmitted infections.

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Aminoglycosides: What type of infections are they used for?

Aminoglycosides are powerful antibiotics used to treat severe infections, including those affecting the gastrointestinal system, urinary tract, and heart lining.

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Tetracyclines: What are their main uses?

Tetracycline antibiotics are versatile, treating conditions like acne, respiratory infections, sexually transmitted infections, and diseases spread by ticks.

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Fluoroquinolones: What types of infections are they used for?

Fluoroquinolones are prescribed for specific infections affecting the urinary tract, respiratory system, and gastrointestinal tract.

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Bactericidal vs Bacteriostatic

Two ways antibiotics work: bactericidal antibiotics kill bacteria directly. Bacteriostatic antibiotics inhibit bacterial growth without killing them.

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MRSA

A type of bacteria resistant to many commonly used antibiotics, making infections more difficult to treat. It's a dangerous strain of staphylococcus aureus bacteria that can cause serious infections.

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VRE

Another type of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, this time involving enterococci (a common type of bacteria found in the gut). Infections caused by VRE can be serious and hard to treat.

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MDR-TB

Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis, a form of tuberculosis that is resistant to many or even all of the antibiotics commonly used to treat it. This is a serious public health threat as it can be difficult to treat.

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Clindamycin: Bacterial Target

Clindamycin fights both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.

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Clindamycin: Mechanism of Action

Clindamycin works by blocking bacterial protein synthesis, preventing their growth.

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Metronidazole: Key Action

Metronidazole directly kills bacteria by damaging their DNA, stopping them from replicating.

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Vancomycin: Target & Effect

Vancomycin targets bacterial cell walls, destroying them and killing the bacteria.

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Vancomycin: Indication

Vancomycin is used primarily for MRSA and C. difficile infections, as well as other serious infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria.

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Macrolides: Main Action

They primarily target and effectively kill gram-positive bacteria.

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Macrolides: Common Side Effect

The most frequent adverse effect is gastrointestinal upset, causing discomfort in the digestive system.

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Tetracyclines: Important Use

They are widely used to treat a variety of infections, including acne, chlamydia, pneumonia, urinary tract infections, and skin infections.

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Aminoglycosides: How They Work

They kill bacteria by disrupting protein synthesis and cell membranes, leading to bacterial death.

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Aminoglycosides: Main Risk

They can cause ototoxicity (hearing damage) and nephrotoxicity (kidney damage).

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Tetracyclines: Important Considerations

They should not be taken with dairy products or antacids, as these substances can interfere with their absorption.

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Aminoglycosides: Who Should Avoid Them?

They are contraindicated in pregnant or nursing women, patients with kidney impairments, and those taking certain medications like loop diuretics.

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Vancomycin: What's it used for?

Vancomycin is a powerful antibiotic, primarily used to treat serious infections caused by bacteria that have become resistant to other antibiotics, like MRSA and C. difficile infections.

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Vancomycin: What are the nursing implications?

When giving Vancomycin, nurses carefully monitor patients for signs of potential side effects, including hearing loss or kidney damage. They also ensure the patient stays hydrated and checks their urine output regularly.

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Aminoglycosides: What are their adverse effects?

Aminoglycosides are potent antibiotics that can have some serious side effects, including damage to the kidneys (nephrotoxicity) and hearing loss (ototoxicity).

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Tetracyclines: Who should avoid them?

Tetracyclines are useful antibiotics but should be avoided in children because they can cause permanent tooth discoloration and interfere with bone development.

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Beta-lactams: What do they target?

Beta-lactam antibiotics work by interfering with the ability of bacteria to build their cell walls, which is essential for their survival. Similar to penicillin, beta-lactams are widely used against various infections.

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Study Notes

Antibiotic Therapy Overview

  • Antibiotic therapy aims to understand key principles, classify antibiotics, and explain their indications, contraindications, and adverse effects.
  • It also involves nursing considerations for administration and management.

Anti-Infective Agents

  • Anti-infective agents include antibiotics, antivirals, antifungals, and antiprotozoals.
  • The focus is on bacterial infections and antibiotic use.

Overview of Bacteria

  • Bacteria are categorized as Gram-positive and Gram-negative.
  • Gram-negative bacteria are harder to treat due to their complex cell walls.

Major Antibiotic Categories

  • Antibiotics with different mechanisms of action.
  • Beta-Lactams (Cell wall synthesis): Includes penicillin and vancomycin
  • Macrolides (Protein synthesis): Includes erythromycin, clindamycin, etc.
  • Aminoglycosides (Protein synthesis): Includes gentamicin and amikacin
  • Fluoroquinolones (DNA replication): Includes ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin
  • Sulfonamides (Folic acid synthesis): Includes Bactrim

Bactericidal vs. Bacteriostatic Antibiotics

  • Bactericidal antibiotics kill bacteria directly (e.g., Penicillin, Cephalosporins, Vancomycin).
  • Bacteriostatic antibiotics inhibit bacterial growth (e.g., Sulfonamides, Tetracyclines, Macrolides).

Antibiotic Resistance

  • Antibiotic resistance occurs when bacteria adapt to become less sensitive to antibiotics.
  • Causes include overuse and misuse.
  • Examples include MRSA, VRE, and MDR-TB.
  • Resistance leads to difficult-to-treat infections.

Superinfections

  • Superinfections are advanced infections, which can develop during or after antibiotic treatment for another infection.
  • They arise when antibiotic therapy eliminates normal gut bacteria, allowing opportunistic bacteria to flourish.

Sub-therapeutic Therapy

  • Sub-therapeutic therapy occurs when signs and symptoms of infections do not improve despite antibiotic use.
  • Causes include incorrect administration, inadequate drainage, poor drug penetration, and insufficient/low drug levels, and drug resistance.

Indications for Each Antibiotic Class

  • Beta-Lactams: Respiratory, skin, and urinary infections.
  • Macrolides: Respiratory infections, some STIs
  • Aminoglycosides: Serious infections (GI/GU, Endocarditis, Resp tract infections)
  • Tetracyclines: Acne, respiratory, STI, tick-borne diseases
  • Fluoroquinolones: UTIs, respiratory, GI infections
  • Sulfonamides: UTIs, respiratory tract infections, and general prophylaxis.

Contraindications

  • Beta-lactams: Patients with penicillin/cephalosporin allergies should avoid.
  • Tetracyclines: Avoid in children and pregnant women due to bone and teeth effects.
  • Fluoroquinolones: Use cautiously in older adults due to tendon rupture risk.
  • Sulfonamides: Avoid in patients with sulfa allergies.

Adverse Effects by Antibiotic Class

  • Beta-Lactams: Allergy, GI upset
  • Macrolides: GI upset, QT prolongation
  • Tetracyclines: Photosensitivity, GI discomfort, discoloration of teeth in fetuses and children, impaired fetal development during pregnancy.
  • Fluoroquinolones: Tendonitis, photosensitivity, QT prolongation
  • Aminoglycosides: Nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity
  • Sulfonamides: Sulfa allergy, photosensitivity, rash, anemias, skin reactions, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, pancreatitis, convulsions, headaches, crystalluria, toxic nephrosis.

Antibiotics: Penicillin

  • Indications: Broad spectrum against Gram-positive bacteria, some narrow spectrum activity
  • Mechanism of Action: Bactericidal; inhibits cell wall synthesis.
  • Adverse Effects: GI upset, allergic reactions, angioedema
  • Contraindications/Drug Interactions: Other antibiotics (additive effects), NSAIDs (protein binding), Oral contraceptives (effectiveness decrease), potassium supplements, warfarin
  • Nursing Implications: Monitor skin and bowel function, re-evaluate lab work, check for therapeutic response.

Antibiotics: Cephalosporins

  • Similar to Penicillin: Indications, mechanism of action
  • Adverse Effects: Similar to penicillin
  • Contraindications/Drug Interactions: Similar to penicillin.
  • Nursing Implications: Similar to penicillin.

Antibiotics: Macrolides

  • Indications: Primarily effective against Gram-positive bacteria
  • Mechanism of Action: Bacteriostatic/bactericidal, protein synthesis inhibitor
  • Adverse Effects: GI upset
  • Contraindications/Drug Interactions: Interferes with liver metabolism (carbamazepine, cyclosporine, digoxin, theophylline, warfarin), decrease efficiency of oral contraceptives
  • Nursing Implications: Severe allergies?, Monitor skin and bowel function, Liver enzymes re-evaluation, therapeutic response?

Antibiotics: Tetracyclines

  • Indications: Wide range, Gram positive/negative, Acne, Chlamydia, Pneumonia, UTI, skin infections
  • Mechanism Of Action: Bacteriostatic, inhibits protein synthesis
  • Adverse Effects: Discoloration of teeth/bones in fetuses/children, impaired fetal (pregnancy) development, photosensitivity, GI upset
  • Contraindications/Drug Interactions: Pregnancy/nursing mother, children <8 yrs, calcium/iron, Anticoagulants, Bactericidal antibiotics, oral contraceptives, allergy
  • Nursing Implications: Take 1 hr before or 2 hr after meals/snacks, 4 hrs after antacids, Avoid with food, especially dairy, administer around the clock

Antibiotics: Aminoglycosides

  • Indications: Gram-negative/positive, serious infections, intra-abdominal infections, bone infections
  • Mechanism of Action: Bactericidal, protein synthesis inhibitor, disrupts cell membrane
  • Adverse Effects: Ototoxicity, Nephrotoxicity, drug toxicity.
  • Contraindications/Drug Interactions: Pregnancy, nursing mothers, allergy, renal impairment, loop diuretics, oral anticoagulants.
  • Nursing Implications: Renal Assessment, Neurological assessment, dizziness, vertigo, tinnitus, roaring in ears, hearing loss, therapeutic drug monitoring.

Antibiotics: Fluoroquinolones

  • Indications: Gram-negative/positive, complicated UTIs, respiratory tract infections, GI, bone, joint infections, STIs
  • Mechanism of Action: Bactericidal, interfere with DNA replication
  • Adverse Effects: CNS effects, dermatological effects, GI effets, Elevated ALT/AST levels, QT prolongation
  • Contraindications/Drug Interactions: Antacids, Iron/Zinc prep, Calcium/Magnesium, Anticoagulants, Bronchodilators, Cardiac Dysrhythmias, Allergy, Pregnancy
  • Nursing Implications: May be taken with meals, avoid dairy, reduce caffeine, maintain hydration/urine output

Antibiotics: Sulfonamides

  • Indications: Broad spectrum, gram-positive/negative, UTIs, respiratory tract infections
  • Mechanism of Action: Bacteriostatic, inhibits bacteria growth by affecting metabolism
  • Adverse Effects: Sulfa allergy, photosensitivity, rash, anemias, skin reactions, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, pancreatitis, convulsions, headaches, crystalluria, toxic nephrosis
  • Contraindications/Drug Interactions: Sulfonylureas, cyclosporine, pregnant women, children <2 years old, geriatric patients, phenytoin, warfarin
  • Nursing Implications: Severe allergies?, Monitor skin/bowel function, renal history?, re-evaluate lab work, therapeutic response?

Antibiotics: Miscellaneous

  • Clindamycin (Dalacin C)
  • Vancomycin (Vancocin)
  • Metronidazole (Flagyl)

Nursing Considerations For Antibiotic Use

  • Assessment, allergies, baseline labs, and vital signs.
  • Clinical assessment (signs of infection).
  • Determine best antibiotic (culture, sensitivity testing).
  • Administration, timing, IV site monitoring, hydration
  • Monitoring during therapy (signs, adverse reactions, superinfections).
  • Patient education, adherence, side effects, interactions
  • Prevention of Antibiotic Resistance
  • Documentation/Communication, age considerations

Labs to Monitor

  • CBC, BUN, Creatinine, eGFR, Liver Function Tests (LFTS), Electrolytes, Therapeutic Drug Monitoring, CRP, ESR, Urinalysis, Culture and Sensitivity, Blood Glucose

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Antibiotic Therapy Nursing 488 Fall 2024 PDF

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Test your knowledge on the pharmacology of antibiotics, focusing on mechanisms of action, indications, contraindications, and adverse effects associated with various antibiotic classes. This quiz covers key concepts related to antibiotic therapy and resistance. Perfect for students in pharmacology or medicine courses.

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