Pharmacology Antibiotics Quiz
113 Questions
1 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

Which of the following is a class of medication that is known to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB)?

  • Aminoglycosides
  • Third, fourth, and fifth generation cephalosporins (correct)
  • Vancomycin
  • Tetracyclines

A patient is experiencing flushing, redness, swelling, and fever during a vancomycin infusion. What is the most likely cause?

  • The patient is experiencing an infusion site reaction.
  • The vancomycin infusion is being administered too quickly (correct)
  • Allergic reaction to vancomycin itself
  • The vancomycin is not effective against this particular bacteria.

Which of the following is a common adverse effect of vancomycin that requires monitoring?

  • Hepatotoxicity
  • Cardiotoxicity
  • Pulmonary fibrosis
  • Nephrotoxicity (correct)

Which of the following is a common use for amoxicillin?

<p>Treatment for otitis media (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of tetracyclines?

<p>Inhibition of protein synthesis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient is prescribed nafcillin. Which route of administration is appropriate?

<p>Intravenous (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient is prescribed vancomycin. When should the trough level be drawn for therapeutic drug monitoring?

<p>30 minutes prior to the 4th dose (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a class of medications that is specifically used for severe infections only, such as MRSA?

<p>Vancomycin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which adverse effect is specifically associated with cephalosporins?

<p>Pseudomembranous colitis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common drug interaction to be aware of with the use of tetracyclines?

<p>Increased risk for bleeding when taken with Vitamin D. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action for both nafcillin and cephalosporins?

<p>Weakening of the bacterial cell wall (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cephalosporin is most effective against Pseudomonas aeruginosa?

<p>Ceftazidime (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient with a known penicillin allergy requires antibiotic therapy. Which of the following medications should be avoided?

<p>Cephalosporins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common drug interaction that applies to both amoxicillin and nafcillin?

<p>Aminoglycosides (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which generation of cephalosporins is typically used for surgical prophylaxis?

<p>First generation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is amoxicillin sometimes preferred over penicillin?

<p>It has a broader spectrum and is orally administered (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key teaching point to mention when dispensing amoxicillin?

<p>Avoid use for staphylococcal infections due to increased resistance risk (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key concern associated with amoxicillin/clavulanate (Augmentin) and piperacillin/tazobactam (Zosyn)?

<p>Difficulty of breathing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a bactericidal antibiotic?

<p>It directly kills bacteria. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics contribute to the emergence of drug-resistant microbes?

<p>They create a condition where resistant microbes have a selective advantage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor requires careful consideration when selecting an antibiotic for a patient?

<p>The known allergies of the patient and the site of infection. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient is prescribed an antibiotic for 10 days but stops taking the medication after 5 days because they feel better. What is the most important reason why this is problematic?

<p>It may lead to the selection of resistant microbes or recurrence of infection. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common use for prophylactic antimicrobial drugs?

<p>Prevention of infections in high-risk patients. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered a misuse of antimicrobial drugs?

<p>Attempting to treat a cold with an antibiotic. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which clinical indicator would suggest that an antibiotic therapy is showing success?

<p>A reduction in fever and resolution of symptoms. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of penicillin antibiotics?

<p>Weakening the bacterial cell wall. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following adverse effects is most commonly associated with penicillin administration?

<p>Allergic reactions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which antibiotic interaction can reduce penicillin's efficacy?

<p>Administration with bacteriostatic antibiotics. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do bacteria develop resistance to penicillin antibiotics, such as penicillin G?

<p>By producing enzymes that inactivate penicillin. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a typical route of administration for Penicillin G (benzylpenicillin)?

<p>Intravenously (IV). (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary symptoms associated with anaphylaxis due to a penicillin allergy?

<p>Laryngeal edema, bronchoconstriction, and severe hypotension. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes amoxicillin compared to penicillin G?

<p>Amoxicillin has increased activity against certain gram-negative bacteria. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these situations would indicate that a patient should avoid the use of both penicillin and cephalosporin antibiotics?

<p>A history of anaphylaxis after penicillin use. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What class of drug does Linezolid belong to?

<p>No class (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common adverse effect of Long-term therapy with Linezolid?

<p>Peripheral neuropathy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which bacterial types are aminoglycosides primarily effective against?

<p>Aerobic gram - bacilli (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why should aminoglycosides not be given to pregnant women?

<p>Risk of teratogenic effects (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What must be monitored weekly for patients on Linezolid?

<p>Complete blood count (CBC) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When should peak and trough levels of aminoglycosides be taken?

<p>Before the next dose and 30 minutes after injection (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following drugs has a known interaction with Linezolid?

<p>MAOIs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which adverse effect is associated with short-term use of aminoglycosides?

<p>Reversible tinnitus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main mechanism of action for aminoglycosides such as Amikacin and Gentamicin?

<p>Disrupt bacterial protein synthesis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which adverse effect is common to both Gentamicin and Amikacin?

<p>Nephrotoxicity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary use for Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole?

<p>Management of acute uncomplicated cystitis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is most likely a direct result of renal damage from crystalluria associated with sulfonamides?

<p>Acute kidney injury (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the common symptoms associated with acute cystitis?

<p>Suprapubic discomfort and dysuria (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which bacterial infection does not typically lead to severe symptoms in acute uncomplicated pyelonephritis?

<p>Staphylococcus aureus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What precaution should be taken when administering sulfonamides to pregnant women?

<p>Avoid in late pregnancy to prevent kernicterus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions is treated with Silver sulfadiazine?

<p>Second-degree and third-degree burns (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary concern regarding adherence for acute cystitis treatment?

<p>Single-dose regimen effectiveness (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group of antibiotics is known for broad-spectrum efficacy against various bacterial infections?

<p>Sulfonamides (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common adverse effect of Doxycycline?

<p>Tinnitus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What drug is commonly prescribed for the treatment of Pertussis?

<p>Azithromycin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following medications is known to interact significantly with calcium supplements?

<p>Doxycycline (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following antibiotics is considered a broad-spectrum antibiotic?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of the macrolide antibiotics?

<p>Inhibition of protein synthesis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which antibiotic is associated with the highest risk of developing Clostridium difficile (C. difficile) associated diarrhea?

<p>Clindamycin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common adverse effect associated with the use of macrolide antibiotics?

<p>Gastrointestinal effects (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a contraindication for Doxycycline?

<p>History of Gout (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary use of nitrofurantoin?

<p>Lower urinary tract infections (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a notable adverse effect associated with fluoroquinolones?

<p>Tendon rupture (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition contraindicates the use of nitrofurantoin?

<p>Liver disease (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which drug class does nitrofurantoin belong to?

<p>Urinary tract antiseptics (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the mechanism of action for fluoroquinolones?

<p>Disrupt DNA replication (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the action of a bacteriostatic drug?

<p>It inhibits bacterial growth but does not cause cell death. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following mechanisms is NOT a way that bacteria acquire resistance to antimicrobial drugs?

<p>Increasing the permeability of the bacterial cell membrane. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are broad-spectrum antibiotics more likely to promote the emergence of drug-resistant microbes compared to narrow-spectrum antibiotics?

<p>They target a wide range of bacteria, increasing the selection pressure for resistance. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a superinfection?

<p>A new infection that develops during antibiotic treatment for another infection. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors is the LEAST important when selecting an antibiotic?

<p>The patient's preference for a particular brand of medication. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following adverse effects is associated with rapid administration of vancomycin?

<p>Red man syndrome (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient has been prescribed antibiotics but does not complete the full course of treatment. What is the potential consequence of premature discontinuation?

<p>It may increase the risk of the remaining bacteria developing resistance. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which is an appropriate prophylactic use of antimicrobials?

<p>Prevention of infection following a surgical procedure. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a unique characteristic of vancomycin compared to other antibiotics?

<p>It inhibits cell wall synthesis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be monitored when administering vancomycin to prevent nephrotoxicity?

<p>Renal function and drug levels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following practices represents a misuse of antimicrobial drugs?

<p>The attempt to treat a viral infection with an antibacterial agent. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

With which condition should tetracyclines be used cautiously due to a risk of adverse effects?

<p>Pregnancy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a clinical indicator that antibiotic therapy is effective?

<p>Resolution of the infection via reduced fever and symptom improvement. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key patient education point regarding the administration of vancomycin?

<p>Infuse over at least 1 hour to avoid 'red man syndrome' (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of penicillin antibiotics?

<p>They weaken the bacterial cell wall, causing the cell to burst. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which drug interaction is most likely to reduce the efficacy of penicillin?

<p>Bacteriostatic antibiotics (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary use of tetracyclines in clinical practice?

<p>Treatment of various infectious diseases, including acne and Lyme disease (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the most common type of allergy associated with penicillin antibiotics?

<p>An immediate hypersensitivity reaction. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the classification of tetracyclines?

<p>Broad-spectrum antibiotics (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the most appropriate route for the administration of Penicillin G (benzylpenicillin)?

<p>Intravenously (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key difference between amoxicillin and penicillin G?

<p>Amoxicillin is effective against some additional gram-negative bacteria. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following situations would indicate the need to avoid administering both penicillin and cephalosporin antibiotics to a patient?

<p>Patient with a history of anaphylactic reaction to penicillin. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of Linezolid?

<p>Bacteriostatic inhibitor of protein synthesis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which side effect is specifically associated with prolonged therapy of Linezolid?

<p>Reversible optic neuropathy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be monitored weekly for patients receiving treatment with Linezolid?

<p>Complete blood count (CBC) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

For which bacterial infections are aminoglycosides primarily effective?

<p>Aerobic gram - bacilli (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential adverse effect associated with aminoglycoside therapy?

<p>Tinnitus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why should aminoglycosides be avoided in patients with meningitis?

<p>They poorly cross the blood-brain barrier (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to plasma levels of aminoglycosides among different patients?

<p>They vary significantly even with the same dosage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended dosing schedule for monitoring aminoglycoside levels?

<p>Draw trough levels just before the next dose (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action for sulfonamides?

<p>Inhibits tetrahydrofolic acid synthesis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are common adverse effects of aminoglycosides like Gentamicin and Amikacin?

<p>Nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which situation should sulfonamides be avoided?

<p>In patients with renal failure (A), In patients with a history of blood dyscrasias (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions is treated with Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole?

<p>Acute cystitis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the first-line drugs for uncomplicated acute cystitis?

<p>Bactrim or Nitrofurantoin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the common symptoms associated with acute uncomplicated pyelonephritis?

<p>Severe flank pain and dysuria (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which drug is primarily effective against Gram-negative bacilli and is the least vulnerable to bacterial enzyme inactivation?

<p>Amikacin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What adverse effect is associated with Silver sulfadiazine?

<p>Permanent blue-green skin coloration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary use of Amikacin?

<p>Active against resistant Gram-negative bacteria (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which nafcillin exerts its antibacterial effect?

<p>Weakens the cell wall, causing rupture (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which generation of cephalosporins is known for being highly active against gram-negative infections and able to penetrate the cerebrospinal fluid?

<p>3rd generation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which adverse effect is specifically associated with cephalosporins, particularly in prolonged use?

<p>Pseudomembranous colitis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What class of antibiotic includes Amoxicillin and is often utilized for its broad-spectrum activity in pediatric patients?

<p>Penicillins (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In terms of administration, what is a key distinction of nafcillin compared to other antibiotics?

<p>Administered solely via IV (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What critical patient education point should be communicated when prescribing amoxicillin?

<p>Complete the full course, even if feeling better (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following antibiotic combinations is used for its broad-spectrum activity and should be monitored for respiratory difficulties?

<p>Amoxicillin/clavulanate and Piperacillin/tazobactam (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cephalosporin generation is most effective against MRSA infections?

<p>5th generation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common adverse effect of both amoxicillin and nafcillin?

<p>Rash (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of bacteria are cephalosporins particularly effective against due to their mechanism of action?

<p>Both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Vancomycin: Class

A class of antibiotics that inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis, primarily effective against Gram-positive bacteria.

Vancomycin: Red Man Syndrome

A severe, life-threatening condition caused by rapid administration of vancomycin. Symptoms include flushing, redness, swelling, fever, and hypotension.

Vancomycin: Uses

Vancomycin is typically used for serious infections caused by bacteria resistant to other antibiotics, such as MRSA and C. difficile.

Tetracyclines: Mechanism of Action

Tetracyclines are broad-spectrum antibiotics that inhibit bacterial protein synthesis, thus preventing bacterial growth.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Tetracyclines: Uses

Tetracyclines are effective against a wide range of bacterial infections, including acne, Lyme disease, and infections caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Tetracyclines: Adverse Effects

Tetracyclines can cause photosensitivity, meaning that skin becomes more sensitive to sunlight. It's important to avoid prolonged exposure to the sun while taking these medications.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Tetracyclines: Adverse Effects

Tetracyclines can interfere with the absorption of calcium and other minerals, which can lead to bone and teeth problems, especially in children and pregnant women.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Tetracyclines: Drug Interactions

Tetracyclines can interact with certain medications, including anticoagulants, oral contraceptives, and some antifungal drugs.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Bactericidal Antibiotics

Antibiotics that directly kill bacteria at effective doses.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Bacteriostatic Antibiotics

Antibiotics that slow down bacterial growth but don't kill them directly.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Acquired Resistance to Antimicrobials

The ability of bacteria to become resistant to antibiotics over time.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Decreased Drug Concentration

This occurs when the antibiotic's concentration is reduced at the site where it needs to work.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Inactivation of Drug

The antibiotic becomes inactive or is destroyed by bacterial enzymes.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Altered Drug Target

Bacteria alter the shape of the target molecule, making the antibiotic less effective.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Production of a Drug Antagonist

Bacteria produce a molecule that blocks the antibiotic's action.

Signup and view all the flashcards

How Antibiotics Promote Resistance

Antibiotics create favorable conditions for resistant bacteria to thrive.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Broad-Spectrum Antibiotics Promote Resistance

Broad-spectrum antibiotics are more likely to create resistant bacteria.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Antibiotic Use Affects Resistance

The more antibiotics are used, the faster resistant bacteria emerge.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Nosocomial Infections

Infections that occur in hospitals or healthcare facilities.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Superinfections

New infections that develop during treatment for another infection.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Prophylactic Antibiotic Use

Using antibiotics to prevent infections rather than treat them.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Misuses of Antimicrobial Drugs

Misusing antibiotics contributes to resistant bacteria and harm.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Monitoring Antimicrobial Therapy

Monitoring blood levels helps ensure safe and effective antibiotic therapy.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Nafcillin

Penicillinase-resistant penicillin used for treating staph infections, given intravenously. It is a bactericidal antibiotic that weakens the bacterial cell wall.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Amoxicillin

A broad-spectrum penicillin antibiotic that is commonly used in children, especially for ear infections. It's also preferred over penicillin due to its oral form and greater effectiveness.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cephalosporins

A group of antibiotics (including Cephalexin, Cefoxitin, Cefotaxime, Ceftriaxone, Ceftazidime, Cefepime, and Ceftaroline) that target bacterial cell walls, causing them to rupture.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Generations of Cephalosporins

The first generation of cephalosporins is primarily used for preventing infection in surgical patients, while the later generations are used for treating various serious infections.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Ceftriaxone

A 3rd generation cephalosporin that is broad-spectrum effective against many types of bacteria, including gonorrhea.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Penicillins (e.g., Amoxicillin, Nafcillin)

A bactericidal antibiotic that works by interfering with the synthesis of peptidoglycans in the bacterial cell wall, leading to cell lysis and bacterial death.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Pseudomembranous Colitis (C-diff)

A serious complication that can occur with antibiotic use, specifically cephalosporins, characterized by severe diarrhea, abdominal pain, and possible bloody stools.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Penicillin-Binding Proteins (PBPs)

A penicillin-binding protein that is essential for the synthesis of peptidoglycans in the bacterial cell wall.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Amoxicillin/clavulanate (Augmentin)

A combination of amoxicillin and clavulanate, a beta-lactamase inhibitor, which acts by protecting amoxicillin from inactivation by beta-lactamase producing bacteria.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Anaphylaxis

A severe adverse reaction that can occur with certain antibiotics, often characterized by difficulty breathing, swelling of the face and throat, and skin rash.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is Erythromycin used for?

A broad-spectrum antibiotic that inhibits protein synthesis, primarily used for treating whooping cough (pertussis).

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is Azithromycin effective against?

A broad-spectrum antibiotic often used to treat a range of infections, including certain respiratory infections and sexually transmitted infections.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is Clindamycin known for?

A broad-spectrum antibiotic that inhibits protein synthesis and is effective against a wide range of bacteria, including certain anaerobic infections.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is Pseudomembranous Colitis?

A serious side effect associated with the use of Clindamycin, characterized by inflammation and ulceration of the colon.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is Doxycycline used for?

A broad-spectrum antibiotic that inhibits protein synthesis, commonly used for treating infections caused by various bacteria, including M. pneumoniae, C. diphtheriae, and certain sexually transmitted infections.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Why is Doxycycline not typically prescribed for children under 8 or pregnant women?

Doxycycline, due to its effects on bone formation and tooth development, is typically not prescribed to children under 8 or pregnant women.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What substances should be avoided when taking Doxycycline?

Doxycycline is a broad-spectrum antibiotic that can interact with various substances, including calcium supplements, milk products, antacids, and iron supplements.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Why should Doxycycline IV be avoided in patients with renal impairment?

Doxycycline, when given intravenously, should be avoided in patients with renal impairment due to the risk of renal toxicity.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Linezolid (Zyvox): MOA

An antibiotic that inhibits bacterial protein synthesis, particularly effective against multi-drug resistant Gram-positive bacteria like VRE and MRSA.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Linezolid: Adverse Effect

A potential serious side effect of Linezolid, particularly with prolonged treatment (5+ months) leading to vision problems or permanent nerve damage in the extremities.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Aminoglycosides: Classification

Aminoglycosides are a class of narrow-spectrum antibiotics mainly effective against aerobic Gram-negative bacteria like E. coli and Pseudomonas.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Aminoglycosides: Adverse effect

A critical concern with Aminoglycosides, potentially leading to kidney damage, requiring close monitoring.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Aminoglycosides: Adverse effect

Aminoglycosides can disrupt nerve function leading to hearing loss or ringing in the ears, which can be reversible in some cases.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Aminoglycoside: Serum Levels

An important consideration in aminoglycoside therapy, as the same dose can result in varying blood levels in different patients, impacting both therapeutic efficacy and risk of toxicity.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Aminoglycosides: Treatment for neuromuscular blockade

A critical intervention for aminoglycoside-induced neuromuscular blockade, requiring prompt administration of calcium salts to reverse the blockage.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Aminoglycosides: Absorption and BBB crossing

Aminoglycosides are poorly absorbed in the gut and poorly cross the blood-brain barrier, limiting their effectiveness in treating infections in the brain and meninges.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Aminoglycosides

A type of antibiotic that inhibits bacterial protein synthesis, often used for serious infections caused by gram-negative bacteria.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Nephrotoxicity

A serious adverse effect associated with aminoglycosides, potentially leading to kidney damage.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Ototoxicity

A serious adverse effect associated with aminoglycosides, potentially causing hearing loss.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Sulfonamides

A class of antibiotics known for their broad spectrum, meaning they work against a wide range of bacteria, and for inhibiting the synthesis of folic acid, which is crucial for bacterial growth.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Stevens-Johnson Syndrome

A serious skin reaction that can occur with sulfonamides, characterized by blistering and peeling of the skin.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Acute Cystitis

A common type of urinary tract infection that affects the lower urinary tract, mainly in women.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Acute Uncomplicated Pyelonephritis

A bacterial infection involving the kidneys, usually requiring treatment with antibiotics.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Acute Bacterial Prostatis

Inflammation of the prostate gland, often caused by bacterial infection.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim)

A common antibiotic used to treat uncomplicated urinary tract infections.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Hyperkalemia

A condition that can develop due to certain antibiotics, especially sulfonamides, resulting in increased potassium levels in the blood.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Penicillin G Mechanism of Action

Penicillin G is bactericidal, meaning it kills bacteria.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Penicillin G Target and Action

Penicillin G works by weakening the bacterial cell wall, causing bacteria to take up excessive water and rupture.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Penicillin G Uses

Penicillin G is used to treat a wide range of bacterial infections.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Vancomycin: Mechanism of Action

Vancomycin works by inhibiting the synthesis of bacterial cell walls, preventing bacteria from building the protective outer layer they need to survive.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Vancomycin: Dosage and Route

Vancomycin is often administered intravenously (IV) for serious infections, and its therapeutic range generally falls between 10-20 mcg/mL.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Tetracyclines: Classification

Tetracyclines are a group of antibiotics that are broad-spectrum, meaning they can effectively fight against a wide variety of bacteria.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Tetracyclines: Photosensitivity

Tetracyclines can cause photosensitivity, making the skin more susceptible to sun damage. It's crucial to avoid prolonged sun exposure while taking these medications.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Fluoroquinolones: MOA

This antibiotic targets bacterial cells, disrupting DNA replication & cell division, ultimately hindering bacterial growth. It's considered a last resort due to possible side effects.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Fluoroquinolones: Adverse Effects

Among potential side effects, tendon rupture is a concern. This usually affects the Achilles tendon. It is also important to avoid sun exposure as this antibiotic can cause photosensitivity.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Nitrofurantoin (Macrodantin): Uses

This antibiotic is a versatile medication used for lower urinary tract infections (like bladder or urethra infections) and to help prevent recurrent UTIs.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Nitrofurantoin (Macrodantin): MOA

Nitrofurantoin works by killing bacteria, disrupting their ability to function. It can be used in two ways: at low concentrations, it slows bacterial growth, and at higher concentrations, it leads to full-fledged bacterial death.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Nitrofurantoin (Macrodantin): Patient Education

Due to potential liver damage, Nitrofurantoin is generally avoided for individuals struggling with liver disease. Additionally, it can also have a negative impact on the kidneys, causing urine to turn a brownish color. Therefore, those with kidney issues should use it cautiously.

Signup and view all the flashcards

C. difficile-associated diarrhea (CDAD)

A serious, potentially fatal diarrhea caused by a bacterial infection. It is often resistant to standard antibiotics and associated with Clostridium difficile bacteria.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Linezolid (Zyvox)

A specific type of antibiotic used to treat infections caused by multidrug-resistant bacteria, including MRSA and VRE.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Linezolid: Classification and MOA

Linezolid is not classified within a specific group of antibiotics, but its mechanism of action involves inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Aminoglycosides: Nephrotoxicity

A serious side effect of aminoglycosides, potentially leading to kidney damage. Careful monitoring is required.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Aminoglycosides: Ototoxicity

Another serious side effect of aminoglycosides, potentially causing hearing loss. Careful monitoring is needed.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Aminoglycosides: Neuromuscular Blockade

Aminoglycosides can cause neuromuscular blockade, resulting in muscle weakness. Administration of calcium salts (like calcium gluconate) is necessary to reverse this effect.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Study Notes

Antibiotic & Anti-Infective Drugs

  • Classifications:
    • Bactericidal drugs directly kill bacteria at achievable concentrations.
    • Bacteriostatic drugs slow bacterial growth without killing them.

Acquired Resistance to Antimicrobial Drugs

  • Organisms develop resistance over time, becoming less susceptible to one or more drugs.
  • Four basic actions:
    • Decrease drug concentration at the site of action.
    • Inactivate the drug.
    • Change the structure of the drug target molecule.
    • Produce a drug antagonist.

Abx Use/Drug-Resistant Microbe Emergence

  • Antibiotic use creates conditions favoring the overgrowth of microbes with resistance mechanisms.
  • Broad-spectrum antibiotics are most likely to promote resistance emergence.
  • Frequent antibiotic use leads to faster development of drug-resistant organisms.
  • Nosocomial infections (HAIs) and superinfections are often caused by drug-resistant microbes, making treatment challenging.
  • Drug resistance emergence is linked to antibiotic use patterns; the more use, the faster drug resistance evolves.

Selection of Abxs

  • Identify the organism to match the correct antibiotic.
  • Evaluate the sensitivity of the organism to the drug.
  • Consider host factors like infection site, genetics, and previous allergic reactions.
  • Evaluate factors like allergies, ability to reach the infection site, and patient variables to rule out certain drugs.

Dosage Size/Duration

  • Antibiotics must reach the infection site for a sufficient duration.
  • Teach patients to finish the entire prescribed course of antibiotics.
  • Dosage and duration must be appropriate to ensure drug efficacy.

Prophylactic Use of Antimicrobials

  • Use of antibiotics to prevent infection, rather than treat an established infection.
  • Examples: surgery, bacterial endocarditis, neutropenia and recurrent UTIs.

Misuses of Antimicrobial Drugs

  • Attempts to treat viral infections with antibiotics.
  • Incorrect dosage of antibiotics.
  • Treating infections without adequate information about the infection.
  • Omitting necessary drainage procedures for an infection.
  • Incorrect use promotes the evolution of antibiotic resistance.

Monitoring of Antimicrobial Therapy

  • Closely monitor clinical responses and laboratory results.
  • The frequency of monitoring should increase for severe infections.
  • Look for clinical signs that indicate treatment success like reduced fever or resolution of symptoms.
  • Monitor serum drug levels for toxicity.
  • Clinical monitoring and lab tests are essential for optimal treatment.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Quiz Team

Related Documents

Antibiotic and Anti-Infective Drugs PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on antibiotics and their mechanisms of action, uses, and adverse effects. This quiz covers important concepts related to vancomycin, tetracyclines, and cephalosporins. Perfect for students in pharmacology or nursing courses.

More Like This

Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Open
Browser
Browser