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Questions and Answers
Can cause massive ______ damage - report any signs like muscle aches or weakness or dark urine.
Can cause massive ______ damage - report any signs like muscle aches or weakness or dark urine.
kidney
Kawasaki Disease is an acute systemic ______ that can cause MI or aneurysms.
Kawasaki Disease is an acute systemic ______ that can cause MI or aneurysms.
vasculitis
The drug of choice for SVT is ______.
The drug of choice for SVT is ______.
adenosine
Digoxin toxicity is an issue; the good range is ______ - 2.
Digoxin toxicity is an issue; the good range is ______ - 2.
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Most antiHTN, antipsychotics, and antidepressants are considered ______ risk drugs.
Most antiHTN, antipsychotics, and antidepressants are considered ______ risk drugs.
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Thrombolytic agents and tPA dissolve ______, but bleeding is a huge risk!
Thrombolytic agents and tPA dissolve ______, but bleeding is a huge risk!
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Dabigatran is a type of ______ inhibitor that reduces the risk of clot formation in stroke clients with Afib.
Dabigatran is a type of ______ inhibitor that reduces the risk of clot formation in stroke clients with Afib.
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Do not give Adensosine unless the heart rhythm is greater than ______ bpm.
Do not give Adensosine unless the heart rhythm is greater than ______ bpm.
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Factor Xa inhibitors include ______, rivaroxaban, and dabigatran.
Factor Xa inhibitors include ______, rivaroxaban, and dabigatran.
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Spironolactone is a potassium sparing ______ that works to save potassium when used with thiazide diuretics.
Spironolactone is a potassium sparing ______ that works to save potassium when used with thiazide diuretics.
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Furosemide is a loop diuretic that is great for heart ______.
Furosemide is a loop diuretic that is great for heart ______.
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Thiazide diuretics can cause hypokalemia and ______.
Thiazide diuretics can cause hypokalemia and ______.
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Milrinone is used to increase contractility and promote ______ in heart failure patients.
Milrinone is used to increase contractility and promote ______ in heart failure patients.
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Report any signs of infection because these cause __________.
Report any signs of infection because these cause __________.
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Prednisone can cause hyperglycemia; therefore, it is important to check ______ regularly.
Prednisone can cause hyperglycemia; therefore, it is important to check ______ regularly.
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Desmopressin is a synthetic form of ______ that treats diabetes insipidus (DI).
Desmopressin is a synthetic form of ______ that treats diabetes insipidus (DI).
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An increase in thirst, hunger, and urination may indicate __________.
An increase in thirst, hunger, and urination may indicate __________.
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Radioactive Iodine therapy treats hyperthyroid disorders and destroys thyroid ______.
Radioactive Iodine therapy treats hyperthyroid disorders and destroys thyroid ______.
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Regular insulin is the only insulin that can be administered __________.
Regular insulin is the only insulin that can be administered __________.
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Insulin pumps provide better control of consistent blood ______.
Insulin pumps provide better control of consistent blood ______.
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Glarine should never be mixed with another insulin in a __________.
Glarine should never be mixed with another insulin in a __________.
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Levothyroxine is used for treating __________.
Levothyroxine is used for treating __________.
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Sulfonylurea medications, such as glyburide, are used for ______ management.
Sulfonylurea medications, such as glyburide, are used for ______ management.
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Sulfonylureas and tricyclic antidepressants are on the Beers Criteria list for __________ individuals.
Sulfonylureas and tricyclic antidepressants are on the Beers Criteria list for __________ individuals.
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Thiazolidinediones can worsen heart rate by causing __________ retention.
Thiazolidinediones can worsen heart rate by causing __________ retention.
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Metformin increases the sensitivity of __________ receptors.
Metformin increases the sensitivity of __________ receptors.
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Proton Pump Inhibitors are great for peptic ulcer disease and __________.
Proton Pump Inhibitors are great for peptic ulcer disease and __________.
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Dicyclomine hydrochloride is an anticholinergic that treats __________.
Dicyclomine hydrochloride is an anticholinergic that treats __________.
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Patients must ensure they aren't ______ before starting certain medications.
Patients must ensure they aren't ______ before starting certain medications.
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Triptan drugs, like ______, are used to treat migraines.
Triptan drugs, like ______, are used to treat migraines.
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______ is an anticholinergic medication used for Parkinson's disease.
______ is an anticholinergic medication used for Parkinson's disease.
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Carbidopa-levodopa is used to increase ______ levels in Parkinson's patients.
Carbidopa-levodopa is used to increase ______ levels in Parkinson's patients.
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The Transdermal ______ patch is used for chronic pain management.
The Transdermal ______ patch is used for chronic pain management.
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Patients receiving Phenytoin should be aware of side effects like ______ hyperplasia.
Patients receiving Phenytoin should be aware of side effects like ______ hyperplasia.
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Riluzole is a medication that slows down the progression of ______.
Riluzole is a medication that slows down the progression of ______.
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Malignant Hyperthermia is triggered by inhaled ______.
Malignant Hyperthermia is triggered by inhaled ______.
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Anticonvulsants may cause ______ and fatigue as side effects.
Anticonvulsants may cause ______ and fatigue as side effects.
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Patients on Carbamazepine may experience an increased risk of ______.
Patients on Carbamazepine may experience an increased risk of ______.
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Scopolamine is an ______ agent that prevents nausea and vomiting from motion sickness.
Scopolamine is an ______ agent that prevents nausea and vomiting from motion sickness.
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Benzodiazepines like midazolam are great for ______ sedation.
Benzodiazepines like midazolam are great for ______ sedation.
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St. John's wort is known to interact with most other antidepressants and may cause ______ syndrome.
St. John's wort is known to interact with most other antidepressants and may cause ______ syndrome.
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Tamoxifen is an estrogen ______ that prevents breast cancer recurrence.
Tamoxifen is an estrogen ______ that prevents breast cancer recurrence.
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Enoxaparin should not have its injection site ______, as it may cause bruising.
Enoxaparin should not have its injection site ______, as it may cause bruising.
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Filgrastim is used to stimulate the ______ count in patients undergoing chemotherapy.
Filgrastim is used to stimulate the ______ count in patients undergoing chemotherapy.
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Cisplatin is a cancer drug that can cause major ______ issues.
Cisplatin is a cancer drug that can cause major ______ issues.
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Study Notes
Pharmacology
-
Analgesics:
- Morphine Sulfate: Rapid tolerance development, nausea is rare.
- NSAIDS (ibuprofen, naproxen, Ketorolac, indomethacin, aspirin, meloxicam): Potential cardiovascular side effects (MI, stroke), decreased BP medication effectiveness, peptic ulcers, chronic kidney disease. Contraindicated in patients with hypertension or heart failure. Take with food. Do not give to those with injured kidneys.
- Hydromorphone: Duration of action 3-4 hours
- Naloxone: Duration of action 40 minutes. Used for opioid overdose, longer duration than the opioid, re-evaluate in an hour. Post-surgery use should not necessitate a rapid response, and unnecessary or rapid dosage is not indicated.
- Opioids (morphine, fentanyl, hydrocodone): Constipation is a common side effect, cause pruritus, flushing, hypotension. Increased risk of respiratory depression with other sedative medications, smoking history, obesity, opioid naivety, and age over 65 years. Give slowly over 2-3 minutes. Reassess patient 15–30 minutes after administration.
- Capsaicin (topical): Useful for osteoarthritis or neuralgia; wait 30 minutes before washing hands.
Cardiovascular
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ACE Inhibitors (-pril):
- Lower blood pressure and heart failure.
- Side effects: Dry cough, angioedema (common in Black people), hyperkalemia.
- Contraindications: Pregnancy, kidney issues.
Other Drugs
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Alpha Agonists (clonidine, methyldopa):
- Anti-hypertension medication.
- Do not stop abruptly, severe rebound hypertension can occur. 2-4 days taper is necessary.
-
Beta Blockers (-lol):
- Reduce blood pressure and heart rate.
- Contraindicated for patients with acute decompensated heart failure, asthma or respiratory issues.
-
CCB (dipine and diltiazem, verapamil):
- Reduce blood pressure and heart rate, used for chronic stable angina; effective for Atrial Fibrillation.
- Side effects: Orthostatic hypotension, dizziness, headache, edema, constipation. Avoid grapefruit juice.
-
ARBs (-sartan):
- Treat hypertension.
- Do not take while pregnant.
- Causes hyperkalemia.
-
Anticoagulants (heparin, fondaparinux):
- Fondaparinux is used to prevent DVT, does not dissolve clots, used for more than 6 hours after surgery.
- No anticoagulant during epidural catheter placement.
-
t-PA:
- Dissolves clots in emergencies.
-
Warfarin:
- Often used with heparin initially.
-
Antiplatelets (clopidogrel, aspirin):
- Prevent platelet aggregation, increased bleeding risk. Monitor for signs of bleeding and decrease in platelet counts.
-
Nitrates (isosorbide mononitrate, nitroglycerin):
- Increases cardiac blood flow, relieves angina. Frequent use can result in severe low blood pressure.
-
Statins (e.g., atorvastatin, simvastatin):
- Lower cholesterol.
- Increased risk of rhabdomyolysis (muscle breakdown causing kidney damage). Avoid grapefruit juice.
-
Adenocine:
- Used for Supraventricular Tachycardia (SVT). Can cause brief asystole (a pause in heartbeat), so EKG monitoring is necessary.
-
Digoxin:
- Treats heart failure and certain types of abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias). Toxicity is a concern, and serum levels need to be closely monitored.
-
Amiodarone:
- Antiarrhythmic medication. Extreme side effects such as pulmonary toxicity and thyroid issues.
-
Thrombolytics (tPA, reteplase, alteplase):
- Used for dissolving blood clots. High risk for bleeding.
Endocrine
-
Desmopressin:
- Synthetic hormone, for diabetes insipidus.
-
Sulfonylureas (glyburide, glipizide, glimepiride):
- Used for diabetes mellitus; causes hypoglycemia and weight gain.
-
Radioactive Iodine Therapy:
- For hyperthyroidism; not for pregnant women, children.
-
Glucocorticoid replacement (prednisone, hydrocortisone):
- Treats Addison’s disease. Report symptoms of infection. Increased risk of hyperglycemia (increased blood sugar), and report any signs of increased thirst, hunger, and urination.
-
Isoniazid:
- Anti-TB drug, cause hepatotoxcicity and peripheral neuropathy.
-
Metformin:
- Oral antidiabetic. Does not pose significant risk of hypoglycemia if taken with food.
-
PPI (-prazoles):
- Suppress gastric acid production, primarily for peptic ulcer disease and GERD.
-
Sulfasalazine:
- Treat IBD and is combined with aspirin. May damage kidney and can cause dehydration.
-
Thiazolidinediones (rosiglitazone, pioglitazone):
- Oral antidiabetic. Monitor for any change in heart rate, rhythm, and blood pressure.
- Metformin: Used to treat type 2 diabetes, does not cause hypoglycemia if taken with food.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the pharmacology of analgesics, particularly focusing on opioids and NSAIDs. This quiz covers tolerance development, side effects, contraindications, and administration safety. Perfect for students or professionals in the healthcare field.
