Pharmacology Introduction by Dr. Wai Ling Kok
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Questions and Answers

What is the main target of some drugs according to pharmacology?

  • Receptors (correct)
  • Ion channels
  • DNA
  • Enzymes

    • Which type of receptor is directly involved in signal transduction pathways?

  • DNA-linked Receptors
  • Ion Channel-linked Receptors
  • Tyrosine Kinase-linked Receptors
  • G-protein–linked Receptors (correct)

    • What type of drug can stimulate a response by binding to a receptor?

  • Modulator
  • Inhibitor
  • Antagonist
  • Agonist (correct)

    • Which of the following is NOT a type of receptor?

    <p>Cell Wall-linked Receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a substance that binds to a receptor, producing a response?

    <p>Ligand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of receptor is involved in physiological responses that include ions channels?

    <p>Ion Channel-linked receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of an agonist in a physiological response?

    <p>Activates a receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of receptor is involved in physiological responses that include G-proteins?

    <p>G-protein–linked receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of an antagonist in a physiological response?

    <p>Inhibits a receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of receptor is involved in physiological responses that occur within the nucleus?

    <p>DNA nuclear receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the generic name for Tylenol?

    <p>Paracetamol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the generic name for Lipitor?

    <p>Atorvastatin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the generic name for Jantoven and Coumadin?

    <p>Warfarin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of drug is omeprazole?

    <p>Proton Pump Inhibitor (PPI)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the generic name for the hormone used to treat hypothyroidism?

    <p>Levothyroxine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of ions are involved in the activation of GABAA and glycine receptors?

    <p>Cl- and some HCO3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of receptor is involved in the regulation of growth and differentiation?

    <p>Tyrosine kinase-linked receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when an agonist occupies a receptor?

    <p>It produces a conformational change in the receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are DNA-linked receptors located?

    <p>Intracellularly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of G-protein–linked receptors?

    <p>To instigate intracellular signalling pathways</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of receptor is involved in the action of acetylcholine?

    <p>Ion Channel-linked Receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of an agonist in a physiological response?

    <p>To produce a conformational change in the receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of receptor is involved in the action of dopamine and serotonin?

    <p>G-protein–linked receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between G-protein–linked receptors and Ion Channel-linked Receptors?

    <p>G-protein–linked receptors instigate intracellular signalling pathways, while Ion Channel-linked Receptors open or close ion channels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of receptor is involved in the action of growth factors such as VEGF?

    <p>Tyrosine kinase-linked receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should doses be lower for elderly patients?

    <p>Because of altered renal and liver function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the British National Formulary (BNF)?

    <p>To detail all medicines prescribed in the UK</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should POMs be kept out of the reach of children?

    <p>Because all drugs are toxic at high doses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Dental Practitioners' Formulary?

    <p>To detail medicines prescribed by NHS dentists</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the abbreviation for 'in the morning'?

    <p>Mane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an essential step in prescribing medications?

    <p>Reviewing medical history and underlying disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be considered when prescribing medications to patients with certain medical conditions?

    <p>The patient's medical conditions, allergies, and concurrent medications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should prescribers aim to prescribe the minimal dose and duration of medication?

    <p>To reduce the risk of side effects and interactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should prescribers consider when prescribing medications to pregnant or breastfeeding patients?

    <p>The potential risks of the medication to the fetus or baby</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it essential to inform patients about the potential side effects of medications?

    <p>To reduce the risk of side effects and ensure patient safety</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of antagonists in pharmacology?

    <p>To associate with receptors but not cause activation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of prescribing drugs?

    <p>To prevent or alleviate symptoms of disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of drugs can only be prescribed by authorized medical professionals?

    <p>Prescription only Medicines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of all drugs?

    <p>They have side effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of regulations in the prescribing of drugs?

    <p>To ensure the safe and effective use of drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which drugs produce their effects?

    <p>By acting on specific protein molecules called receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of molecule can drugs also inhibit, in addition to receptors?

    <p>Enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of medicinal drugs?

    <p>They are used for prevention or treatment of disease or unwanted symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a substance that causes an altered physiological response in a living organism?

    <p>Drug</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the study of called that deals with the actions, mechanisms, uses, and adverse effects of drugs?

    <p>Pharmacology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of an agonist in a physiological response?

    <p>Activate the receptor to initiate a response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of receptor is involved in physiological responses that include tyrosine kinase activity?

    <p>Tyrosine kinase-linked receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are DNA-linked receptors primarily located?

    <p>In the nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of G-protein–linked receptors?

    <p>To stimulate signal transduction pathways</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of Ion Channel-linked Receptors?

    <p>Opening or closing ion channels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consideration when prescribing medications to children?

    <p>The dose should be lower and age specific</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should dosages be lower for elderly patients?

    <p>Because they have altered renal and liver function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be considered when prescribing medications to pregnant or breastfeeding patients?

    <p>The potential effect on the fetus or baby via maternal milk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Dental Practitioners' Formulary?

    <p>To list all medications prescribed by NHS dentists</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of an antagonist on the physiological response of an agonist?

    <p>It inhibits the response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Prescription only Medicines (POMs)?

    <p>To be prescribed by authorized medical professionals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of all drugs?

    <p>They have side effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of regulations in the prescribing of drugs?

    <p>To ensure safe and effective use of drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should prescribers aim to prescribe the minimal dose and duration of medication?

    <p>To minimize side effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be reviewed before prescribing medications?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it essential to inform patients about the potential side effects of medications?

    <p>To facilitate informed decision-making</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should prescribers consider when prescribing medications to pregnant or breastfeeding patients?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of receptor is involved in the regulation of growth and differentiation?

    <p>Tyrosine kinase-linked receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of receptors are involved in fast synaptic neurotransmission?

    <p>Ion Channel-linked Receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when an agonist occupies a receptor?

    <p>It produces a conformational change in the receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of receptor is involved in the action of growth factors such as VEGF?

    <p>Tyrosine kinase-linked receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of receptor is involved in the action of acetylcholine?

    <p>Ion Channel-linked Receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of G-protein–linked receptors?

    <p>Activating intracellular signaling pathways</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of receptor is involved in the action of dopamine and serotonin?

    <p>G-protein–linked receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of Ion Channel-linked Receptors?

    <p>To open or close ion channels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of receptor is involved in the action of adrenaline?

    <p>G-protein–linked receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a G-protein–linked receptor?

    <p>Beta-2 adrenergic receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of receptor is involved in the regulation of growth and differentiation?

    <p>Tyrosine kinase-linked receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of receptor is involved in physiological responses that include ions channels?

    <p>Ion Channel-linked receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of receptor is involved in physiological responses that occur within the nucleus?

    <p>DNA-linked receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which agonists produce their effects on G-protein–linked receptors?

    <p>By binding to and activating the receptor, causing a conformational change</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of antagonists in relation to G-protein–linked receptors?

    <p>To bind to and inhibit the receptor, preventing a response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are DNA-linked receptors primarily located in the cell?

    <p>In the nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of Tyrosine Kinase-linked Receptors?

    <p>By phosphorylating and activating downstream kinases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which agonists produce their effects on Ion Channel-linked Receptors?

    <p>By opening or closing the ion channels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of receptor is involved in physiological responses that include tyrosine kinase activity?

    <p>Tyrosine Kinase-linked Receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which antagonists produce their effects on G-protein–linked Receptors?

    <p>By inhibiting the activation of G-proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which agonists produce their effects on G-protein–linked Receptors?

    <p>By activation of G-proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following types of receptors is indirectly involved in signal transduction pathways?

    <p>G-protein–linked Receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between agonists and antagonists?

    <p>Agonists stimulate a response, while antagonists inhibit it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of receptor is involved in physiological responses that include enzymes?

    <p>Tyrosine Kinase-linked Receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which Ion Channel-linked Receptors produce their effects?

    <p>Opening of ion channels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of receptor is primarily located in the nucleus?

    <p>DNA-linked Receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of receptor is involved in physiological responses that occur within the nucleus?

    <p>DNA-linked receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of receptor is involved in the regulation of growth and differentiation?

    <p>Tyrosine Kinase-linked Receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of receptor is involved in physiological responses that include ions channels?

    <p>Ion Channel-linked Receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of G-protein–linked receptors?

    <p>To transmit signals through G-proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of an agonist in a physiological response?

    <p>To stimulate a response by binding to a receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of receptor is involved in physiological responses that include tyrosine kinase activity?

    <p>Tyrosine Kinase-linked Receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of Ion Channel-linked Receptors?

    <p>Opening or closing ion channels to alter ion flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of an agonist in a physiological response?

    <p>To stimulate or enhance the physiological response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are DNA-linked receptors primarily located?

    <p>In the nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of G-protein–linked Receptors?

    <p>To stimulate physiological responses through G-proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When prescribing medications to patients with renal disease, what should be considered?

    <p>Possible alteration of medication to accommodate kidney function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In prescribing medications, what should be reviewed to prevent unwanted reactions?

    <p>Medical history and underlying disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should medications be prescribed at the minimal dose and duration?

    <p>To minimize side effects and risk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should patients be informed about when prescribed medications?

    <p>Possible side effects and risks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be considered when prescribing medications to pregnant or breastfeeding patients?

    <p>Possible teratogenic links</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of receptor is involved in the regulation of cell growth and differentiation?

    <p>Tyrosine Kinase-linked Receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of Ion Channel-linked Receptors?

    <p>Ion channel opening or closing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of receptor is involved in the action of neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine?

    <p>Ion Channel-linked Receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of receptor is involved in physiological responses that occur within the nucleus?

    <p>DNA-linked Receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of an agonist in a physiological response?

    <p>To stimulate a response by binding to a receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of receptor is involved in physiological responses that involve G-proteins?

    <p>G-protein–linked Receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of G-protein–linked Receptors?

    <p>To initiate intracellular signaling pathways</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are DNA-linked Receptors primarily located?

    <p>In the nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of Tyrosine Kinase-linked Receptors?

    <p>Tyrosine kinase activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of receptor is involved in physiological responses that involve ion channels?

    <p>Ion Channel-linked Receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

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