Questions and Answers
Which hormone is produced by the pituitary and causes contractions in the uterus?
What is the primary use of finasteride?
Which medication is known to potentially cause hepatotoxicity and should be used cautiously in patients with liver issues?
What is the mechanism of action for alendronate?
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Which drug is typically used for emergency contraception based on the time since intercourse?
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What side effect is most commonly associated with oxytocin use?
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Which medication is used to treat chronic constipation in cancer patients who are on opioids?
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What is a significant precaution to take when using alendronate?
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Which vitamin can cause fetal malformation if taken in excess during pregnancy?
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Which type of medication is typically used in combination with NSAIDs or steroids to manage inflammation and pain?
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What is a serious adverse effect of sildenafil that must be noted?
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What is a contraindication for the use of selective estrogen receptor modulators?
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Which medication is used as a tocolytic to prevent preterm labor?
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What is a major risk associated with long-term hormone replacement therapy?
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Which medication's use is associated with the need to monitor blood sugar levels when administered?
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Which of the following is a primary adverse effect of long-term use of PPIs?
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What is the benefit of using misoprostol in a clinical setting?
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What can result from using bismuth subsalicylate?
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Which vitamin deficiency can occur due to pregnancy and malabsorption disorders?
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What effect does St. John’s Wort have on oral contraceptives?
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Study Notes
Hormones and Medications
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Oxytocin
- Produced by the pituitary gland; stimulates uterine contractions.
- Administered during delivery and post-delivery to prevent hemorrhaging.
- Common side effects include rapid and painful contractions.
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Finasteride
- Treats Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH).
- Alleviates symptoms like nocturia.
- Side effects may include sexual dysfunction and impaired fertility.
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Sulfasalazine
- Used for ulcerative colitis.
- Associated with hepatotoxicity; caution in severe hepatic or renal impairment.
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Orlistat
- Prescribed for obesity management.
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Emergency Contraception
- Medication choice depends on the time elapsed since unprotected intercourse.
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Methylnaltrexone
- Treats chronic constipation in patients on opioids, especially in advanced cancer.
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Antacids
- Onset of action is 20-40 minutes; may be affected by concurrent medications.
- Provides temporary relief from heartburn by neutralizing stomach acid.
Disease Management and Treatment
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DMARDs (Disease-Modifying Anti-Rheumatic Drugs)
- Slows disease progression and maintains joint function.
- Often combined with NSAIDs or steroids; risks include infection, bone marrow suppression, and hepatic fibrosis.
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5 Alpha Reductase Inhibitors
- Inhibit testosterone conversion, promoting prostate shrinkage.
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Vitamin A
- Safe in recommended pregnancy doses; excess can cause fetal malformation.
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Alendronate
- A bisphosphonate for osteoporosis; may cause esophageal ulceration.
- Must be taken with a full glass of water and patient should remain upright for 30 minutes post-dose.
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Magnesium Sulfate
- Used to delay preterm labor; has sedation and respiratory effects; overdose may result in decreased reflexes.
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Bismuth Subsalicylate
- Binds to and eliminates gastrointestinal toxins.
Obstetrics and Gynecology
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Terbutaline
- Given for preterm labor; black box warning for prolonged use during pregnancy.
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Sildenafil
- Treats erectile dysfunction and pulmonary hypertension; may cause priapism and is contraindicated with nitrates.
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Psyllium Mucilloid
- Must increase fluid intake; first-line treatment for constipation; takes days to be effective.
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Folic Acid
- Deficiencies can arise from pregnancy, alcohol abuse, and malabsorption disorders.
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H2 Receptor Antagonists
- Treats duodenal ulcers and prevents recurrence.
Contraception and Hormonal Therapy
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Oral Contraceptives
- Effectiveness can be reduced by antibiotics, anticonvulsants, and antifungals; increased thromboembolic risk noted.
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Testosterone
- Causes virilization from secondary exposure; used in breast cancer palliation to reduce tumor size.
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Conjugated Estrogen
- Increases risk of blood clots, DVT, and is contraindicated in abnormal uterine bleeding.
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Tamsulosin
- Also treats BPH and reduces nocturia.
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Norethindrone
- Must be taken at the same time daily; side effect includes photosensitivity.
Gastrointestinal and Nutritional Considerations
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Sucralfate
- Coats and heals gastric erosions; does not affect acid production.
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Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs)
- Block gastric acid secretion; long-term use increases fracture risks; symptom relief may take days.
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Medroxyprogesterone
- Given every 3 months via deep IM injection; risks include thrombotic events; avoid smoking.
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Misoprostol
- Inhibits gastric acid secretion and promotes mucous production; primary use is to prevent peptic ulcers.
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Ondansetron
- Administered before triggers; can lengthen QT interval, possibly causing dysrhythmias.
Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN)
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Requires central line with tubing changed every 24 hours; kept refrigerated and removed 30 minutes prior to administration; monitor blood sugar levels.
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Risks associated with hormone replacement therapy include DVT, myocardial infarction, and dementia.
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Description
This quiz covers essential knowledge on hormones produced by the pituitary gland and various medications used in medical conditions. It highlights oxytocin's role in uterine contractions, finasteride's use for BPH, and treatments for ulcerative colitis. Test your understanding of these important pharmacological agents and their side effects.
