Pharmacology Basics: Hormones and Medications
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Questions and Answers

Which hormone is used during delivery to help regulate contractions?

  • Oxytocin (correct)
  • Progesterone
  • Estrogen
  • Prolactin

    • Finasteride is used to treat symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and does not have any side effects.

    False

    What is the purpose of sulfasalazine?

    To treat ulcerative colitis.

    This medication is commonly used to treat obesity: __________.

    <p>orlistat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential side effect of using methylnaltrexone for chronic constipation?

    <p>Decreased efficacy of opioids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    DMARDS help in slowing the progression of disease and have no risk of infections.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the onset of action for antacids?

    <p>20-40 minutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vitamin A is safe for pregnancy in recommended doses but can cause fetal malformation if taken in __________.

    <p>excess</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the medication with its primary function:

    <p>Alendronate = Prevents bone loss Emergency contraception = Prevents unwanted pregnancy Oxytocin = Stimulates uterine contraction 5 alpha reductase inhibitors = Shrink enlarged prostate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What adverse effect is associated with terbutaline when used for more than 48-72 hours during pregnancy?

    <p>Death of the fetus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Priapism is a rare adverse effect of sildenafil.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What vitamin deficiency can be caused by pregnancy and malabsorption disorders?

    <p>folic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The treatment for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) that decreases nocturia is ______.

    <p>tamsulosin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the medications with their primary uses:

    <p>Ondansetron = Prevention of nausea and vomiting Sucralfate = Healing gastric erosion Medroxyprogesterone = Long-term contraception Misoprostol = Prevention of peptic ulcers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following medications is a tocolytic?

    <p>Nifedipine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    TPN must be refrigerated and have its tubing changed every 24 hours.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one risk factor associated with hormone replacement therapy.

    <p>DVT, MI, or dementia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The drug that stimulates production of mucous and inhibits gastric acid secretion is ______.

    <p>misoprostol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main concern when using oral contraceptives?

    <p>Effectiveness reduction by certain medications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the symptoms of an early overdose with magnesium sulfate?

    <p>Confusion and muscle weakness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a serious adverse effect of sildenafil?

    <p>Priapism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What long-term risk is associated with the use of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs)?

    <p>Increase risk of fractures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions can result from a deficiency in folic acid?

    <p>Neural tube defects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication is contraindicated when using nitroglycerin due to the risk of hypotension?

    <p>Sildenafil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary use of misoprostol?

    <p>Preventing peptic ulcers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication should be taken at the same time every day for optimal efficacy?

    <p>Norethindrone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major risk associated with hormone replacement therapy?

    <p>Risk of DVT and MI</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the active ingredient in medications that should be avoided when using St. John’s Wort?

    <p>Estradiol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of feeding would indicate insufficient water intake if dry mucous membranes are present?

    <p>Enteral feedings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary use of the medication methylnaltrexone?

    <p>To treat chronic constipation in opioid users</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following medications is most commonly associated with hepatotoxicity?

    <p>Sulfasalazine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major risk when using DMARDS in treatment?

    <p>Increased risk of infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the use of alendronate?

    <p>It can cause esophageal ulceration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of 5 alpha reductase inhibitors?

    <p>They prevent the conversion of testosterone into dihydrotestosterone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these side effects is most commonly associated with finasteride?

    <p>Sexual dysfunction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common use for orlistat?

    <p>To promote weight loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication is indicated for emergency contraception based on timing since intercourse?

    <p>Emergency contraception</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an important precaution when using antiacids?

    <p>Avoid using it within two hours of other medications.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should patients avoid while taking the medication that causes smooth muscle relaxation to delay preterm labor?

    <p>Alcohol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication is contraindicated for patients with venous thromboembolism?

    <p>Selective estrogen receptor modulators</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a serious adverse effect associated with sildenafil?

    <p>Priapism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of misoprostol?

    <p>Prevent peptic ulcers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following medications increases the risk of breakthrough bleeding when taken with St. John's Wort?

    <p>Norethindrone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common result of taking psyllium mucilloid?

    <p>Decreased cholesterol levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition can result from a deficiency in folic acid?

    <p>Megaloblastic anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What adverse effect is associated with long-term use of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs)?

    <p>Increased risk of spinal fractures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended action regarding hydration when using a stool softener?

    <p>Increase fluid intake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication is used to treat preterm labor?

    <p>Terbutaline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What side effect is associated with ondansetron?

    <p>Dysrhythmias</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common side effect associated with the administration of oxytocin?

    <p>Rapid, painful contractions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication is used to manage symptoms associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)?

    <p>Finasteride</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a serious risk associated with the use of DMARDS in treatment?

    <p>Increased risk of infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main action of alendronate in disease management?

    <p>Inhibits bone resorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication should be taken with a full glass of water and require the patient to remain upright for 30 minutes?

    <p>Alendronate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a precaution to consider when using sulfasalazine?

    <p>May lead to hepatotoxicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication is indicated for treating chronic constipation in advanced cancer patients who are on opioids?

    <p>Methylnaltrexone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of 5 alpha reductase inhibitors?

    <p>To prevent conversion of testosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant concern when using emergency contraception?

    <p>Only effective if taken within 72 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What adverse effect can result from excessive intake of vitamin A during pregnancy?

    <p>Fetal malformation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential benefit of using mucosal protective agents for peptic ulcer disease?

    <p>Reduces gastric irritation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is Zofran best administered prior to the trigger of nausea?

    <p>It has a delayed onset of action</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication class is associated with a higher risk of thromboembolic events in patients over 35?

    <p>Conjugated estrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common side effect associated with the long-term use of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs)?

    <p>Bone fractures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action for 5-alpha reductase inhibitors in treating BPH?

    <p>Preventing conversion of testosterone to DHT</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which electrolyte imbalance is most concerning if kidney function is inadequate?

    <p>Hyperkalemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What might be a serious adverse effect of magnesium sulfate overdose during labor?

    <p>Skin flushing and confusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of using sodium bicarbonate medically?

    <p>To treat acidosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should patients taking methylnaltrexone be cautious about?

    <p>Fluids intake to avoid dehydration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What potential issue may arise with rapid administration of colloids such as dextran 40?

    <p>Fluid overload</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition can occur due to the use of terbutaline for more than 48-72 hours during pregnancy?

    <p>Fetal distress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following medications is contraindicated in patients with nitrates due to the risk of hypotension?

    <p>Sildenafil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common side effect of using norethindrone?

    <p>Photosensitivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vitamin deficiency can be caused by pregnancy and malabsorption disorders?

    <p>Folic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of sucralfate in treating gastric issues?

    <p>Coat and heal gastric erosion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication is contraindicated in individuals with a history of venous thromboembolism?

    <p>Conjugated estrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant risk factor associated with hormone replacement therapy?

    <p>Increased thrombolytic events</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication can lengthen the QT interval and potentially cause dysrhythmias?

    <p>Ondansetron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mode of action of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs)?

    <p>Block enzymes that secrete hydrochloric acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment is First line for constipation and requires increased fluid intake?

    <p>Psyllium mucilloid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common side effect of oxytocin administration during labor?

    <p>Rapid, painful contractions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication is known for its potential for hepatotoxicity?

    <p>Sulfasalazine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should patients do after taking alendronate?

    <p>Stay upright for 30 minutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the key characteristics of emergency contraception?

    <p>Choice of medication is based on timing since intercourse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant risk associated with the use of DMARDS?

    <p>Bone marrow suppression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common side effect of finasteride?

    <p>Erectile dysfunction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary action of orlistat?

    <p>Blocking fat absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication is used for treating chronic constipation in patients taking opioids?

    <p>Methylnaltrexone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key precaution when using antacids?

    <p>They can neutralize acid but do not reduce production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential side effect of high doses of vitamin A during pregnancy?

    <p>Fetal malformation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant risk associated with the use of conjugated estrogen in women over the age of 35?

    <p>Increased risk of thrombophlebitis and blood clots</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is misoprostol primarily used to treat?

    <p>Peptic ulcer disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication requires careful monitoring for skin flushing and confusion as signs of overdose?

    <p>Magnesium sulfate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What adverse effect is commonly associated with prolonged use of proton pump inhibitors?

    <p>Risk of bone fractures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following treatments is indicated for managing hyperkalemia?

    <p>Calcium gluconate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of administering terbutaline to a pregnant patient?

    <p>Stops preterm labor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a notable side effect of finasteride that could affect patients’ quality of life?

    <p>Decreased libido</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which fluid type is categorized as isotonic and is suitable for replacing GI fluid loss?

    <p>Lactated Ringer's solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key monitoring concern when administering potassium intravenously?

    <p>Burning and irritation at the IV site</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor should be considered when using sodium bicarbonate for treating acidosis?

    <p>Risk of metabolic alkalosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is indicated by hives, severe rash, and anaphylaxis as an adverse reaction?

    <p>Serious allergic reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of fluid is 0.45% sodium chloride categorized as?

    <p>Hypotonic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What potential complication can arise from end-stage renal disease (ESRD) related to medication?

    <p>Increased risk of drug toxicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When taking theophylline, which of the following should be avoided to minimize side effects?

    <p>Caffeine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary usage of nystatin?

    <p>Fungal infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding the use of aspirin?

    <p>It increases the risk of gastrointestinal bleeding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of ciprofloxacin's administration?

    <p>Can interact negatively with antacids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the duration expected for allopurinol to effectively lower uric acid levels?

    <p>1-3 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following medications can be used to counteract an opiate overdose?

    <p>Naloxone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does the use of steroids have on aspirin's effectiveness?

    <p>Decreases its effectiveness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which antibiotics affect the effectiveness of estradiol?

    <p>They reduce its effectiveness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process is described as moving a substance from the site of administration across a body membrane to circulating body fluids?

    <p>Absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended maximum rate for intravenous potassium administration?

    <p>10 mEq/hr</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication is used for treating acute symptoms of bronchospasms and can be administered before exercise?

    <p>Albuterol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a loading dose achieve in medication administration?

    <p>Immediate therapeutic concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process of chemical processing of a drug after administration is known as what?

    <p>Metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication is contraindicated due to the risk of hypotension when used alongside nitroglycerin?

    <p>Sildenafil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What specific effect can be observed from long-term use of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs)?

    <p>Bone density loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a notable side effect associated with the use of vancomycin?

    <p>Oliguria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following medications would most likely cause gastrointestinal upset as a side effect?

    <p>Ibuprofen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most serious adverse effect associated with metoclopramide?

    <p>Tardive dyskinesia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication acts as a leukotriene modifier to prevent airway edema and inflammation?

    <p>Montelukast</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication is not recommended for infectious diarrhea due to its antidiarrheal properties?

    <p>Loperamide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which route of administration is the fastest in terms of effectiveness?

    <p>IV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia with finasteride?

    <p>It can restore urinary function within 6-12 months.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mechanism of action is attributed to NSAIDs?

    <p>They block cyclooxygenase to control pain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication is known to cause dry mouth as an adverse effect?

    <p>Diphenhydramine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be considered before administering sulfamethoxazole to patients?

    <p>It can cross the placental barrier.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common side effect associated with ondansetron when used as an antiemetic?

    <p>Drowsiness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes pharmacokinetics?

    <p>Refers to how drugs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common adverse effect associated with the use of antibiotics?

    <p>Foul smelling diarrhea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What potential side effect should be monitored in patients receiving vancomycin?

    <p>Oliguria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication is contraindicated with the concurrent use of nitroglycerin due to potential hypotension?

    <p>Sildenafil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the process of drug absorption?

    <p>Moving a substance from the site of administration to circulating fluids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum IV delivery rate for potassium?

    <p>10 mEq/HR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following medications requires dietary fiber and fluid intake to be effective?

    <p>Psyllium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication type ends with 'lam' or 'pam', and has flumazenil as its reversal agent?

    <p>Benzodiazepines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary action of bactericidal antibiotics?

    <p>Kill bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication is considered a loading dose to rapidly achieve therapeutic concentration?

    <p>Morphine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following medications is typically used to treat acute bronchospasms?

    <p>Albuterol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common side effect to monitor when administering theophylline to a patient?

    <p>Tremors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication decreases drug excretion and increases potential for drug toxicity?

    <p>End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the classification of gentamicin?

    <p>Aminoglycoside</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary use of nystatin?

    <p>Fungal infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the effectiveness of aspirin when taken with steroids?

    <p>Decreased effectiveness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key precaution when administering ciprofloxacin?

    <p>Avoid all antacids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication is indicated to treat an opiate overdose?

    <p>Naloxone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of fluid is 0.45% sodium chloride categorized as?

    <p>Hypotonic fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common side effect of long-term use of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs)?

    <p>Nutrient malabsorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication is typically avoided in patients with asthma due to its side effects?

    <p>Theophylline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most serious adverse effect associated with metoclopramide?

    <p>Tardive dyskinesia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication acts as a leukotriene modifier to prevent airway edema and inflammation?

    <p>Montelukast</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What pharmacokinetic process is related to the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs?

    <p>Pharmacokinetics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of medications is primarily effective for both purely manic and depressive episodes?

    <p>Lithium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication is specifically contraindicated in individuals allergic to soybeans, peanuts, or soy lectin?

    <p>Ipratropium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary action of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)?

    <p>Inhibit cyclooxygenase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Finasteride is expected to show efficacy within what time frame for treating benign prostatic hyperplasia?

    <p>6-12 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most effective route of administration for medications?

    <p>Intravenous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary use of ondansetron?

    <p>Antiemetic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes the use of sulfasalazine?

    <p>It relieves symptoms without curing the disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    This is nausea and itching and can be managed at home = ______

    <p>SIDE EFFECT</p> Signup and view all the answers

    This is a crystalloid, and it is an isotonic and will not cause a major shift between compartments = ______

    <p>LACTATED RINGERS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Medications may have multiple = ______

    <p>TRADE NAMES</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Effectiveness of this med can be decreased by steroids, it is an NSAID = ______

    <p>ASPIRIN</p> Signup and view all the answers

    This is used to treat fungal infections and it is available in forms of capsule, cream, oral, or powder = ______

    <p>NYSTATIN</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Used to treat Parkinson’s disease, the most serious adverse effect is ______

    <p>tardive dyskinesia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    This is 0.45% sodium chloride = ______

    <p>HYPOTONIC FLUIDS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Treats gout, take it with food, takes 1-3 weeks to lower uric acid levels = ______

    <p>ALLOPURINOL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    This medication helps prevent airway edema and inflammation and is a leukotriene modifier: ______

    <p>montelukast</p> Signup and view all the answers

    This is used to treat an opiate overdose = ______

    <p>NALOXONE</p> Signup and view all the answers

    This treats HIV and requires the administration of 2-3 medications to prevent resistance: ______

    <p>antiretrovirals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    This promotes the shrinkage of an enlarged prostate and helps restore urinary function: ______

    <p>finasteride</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The fastest route of effectiveness for medication administration is ______

    <p>IV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A rare but serious side effect of montelukast is ______ thoughts

    <p>suicidal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    This medication is known as a 1st gen antihistamine and can cause dry mouth and drowsiness: ______

    <p>diphenhydramine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Blockage of cyclooxygenase is used to control pain and ______

    <p>prostaglandins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Foul smelling diarrhea is an adverse effect of these=_____

    <p>ANTIBIOTICS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Virilization results from secondary exposure to _____

    <p>TESTOSTERONE</p> Signup and view all the answers

    This medication is nephrotoxic, renal function should be monitored, and oliguria is extremely concerning=_____

    <p>VANCOMYCIN</p> Signup and view all the answers

    This chemical process is known as _____

    <p>METABOLISM</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Medication metabolized in the liver, IV route will bypass this, should be used in liver failure=_____

    <p>FIRST PASS EFFECT</p> Signup and view all the answers

    This ensures more medications are delivered into the _____

    <p>lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Do not give these if bowel sounds are _____

    <p>absent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    CNS depressant, question use with other opioids, it is a cough suppressant=_____

    <p>CODEINE</p> Signup and view all the answers

    This takes 12-24 hours for effectiveness, does not increase peristalsis, client needs to increase water and fiber in diet=_____

    <p>PSYLLIUM</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Antibiotics reduce the effectiveness of this hormone, always question whether they smoke=_____

    <p>ESTRADIOL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ما الذي يجب على الممرضة فعله عند تقديم الرعاية لطفل يبلغ من العمر ثلاث سنوات يعاني من التوحد؟

    <p>إشراك الأهل في التقييم</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ما هو الهدف الأساسي لإدارة ADHD لدى المراهقين؟

    <p>تعزيز المعرفة بالمخاطر</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ما هي الخاصية الرئيسية لاضطراب ADHD لدى الأطفال؟

    <p>تغيير سريع من نشاط إلى آخر غير مكتمل</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ما هو التأثير الجانبي الشائع لاستخدام Ritalin في علاج ADHD؟

    <p>انخفاض الشهية</p> Signup and view all the answers

    كيف يمكن تحسين فعالية العلاج المنزلي لطفل يعاني من التوحد؟

    <p>الحفاظ على الروتين والألعاب المفضلة</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ما هي خيارات العلاج الأساسية لاضطراب توريت؟

    <p>عقاقير مضادة للذهان و α-أدرينيرجيك</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ما هي الطريقة المثلى لتحفيز تفاعل الطفل الذي يعاني من ADHD؟

    <p>الحصول على انتباه الطفل قبل التحدث</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ما هو العَرَض المعتاد الذي قد يُظهره الطفل الذي يعاني من التوحد؟

    <p>تكرار الأنشطة بشكل مفرط</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ما هي السمة الأكثر شيوعًا لدى الأفراد الذين يعانون من اضطراب السلوك المبكر؟

    <p>تطوير اضطراب الشخصية antisocial في البلوغ</p> Signup and view all the answers

    أي من الخيارات التالية يعد علامة محفزة لطلب المتابعة العاجلة لفرد يعاني من اضطراب نقص الانتباه؟

    <p>التهديد والتهجم على النفس أو الآخرين</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ما هي الخطوة المناسبة التي يجب على المربية اتخاذها بعد وجبات الأكل لعملائها المصابين بفقدان الشهية؟

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    ما هي السمة المميزة للقلق الانفصالي لدى الأطفال؟

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    أي من الأعراض التالية يعد علامة على وجود اضطراب الأكل مثل فقدان الشهية أو الشره المرضي؟

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    ما هي الأهمية الرئيسية لعقد سلوك مع العميل الذي يعاني من اضطراب السلوك؟

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    ما هو الهدف القصير المدى المناسب لعميل يعاني من فقدان الشهية؟

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    ما هو أحد الإجراءات التي تنفذها المربية في خطة رعاية العملاء الذين يعانون من اضطراب الأكل؟

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    ما هو دور الأخصائي الغذائي في رعاية العملاء الذين يعانون من اضطرابات الأكل؟

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    ما هو العلامة الأكثر دلالة على القيء الذاتي؟

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    أي من هذه تعتبر سمة من سمات اضطراب الشخصية النرجسية؟

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    ما هو الهدف الرئيسي لمخطط الرعاية لمرضى اضطراب الشخصية المضادة للمجتمع؟

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    ما هو السلوك الأنسب عند التعامل مع عميل لديه شخصية بارانوية؟

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    أي من هذه الأعراض يعتبر سمة مميزة لاضطراب الشخصية الحدية؟

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    ما هو المبدأ الأساسي في تفسير حدود العلاج مع العملاء؟

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    ما هو السلوك الذي يجب أن تتبعه الممرضة خلال تقييم العميل المشتبه في إصابته باضطراب الشخصية المعادية للمجتمع؟

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    ما هي الخاصية الرئيسية لاضطراب الشخصية الانعزالية؟

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    Study Notes

    Hormones and Medications

    • Oxytocin: Produced by the pituitary gland; induces uterine contractions during delivery and postpartum to prevent hemorrhaging; common side effect includes rapid and painful contractions.
    • Finasteride: Treats benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH); alleviates nocturia symptoms; potential side effects involve sexual dysfunction and impaired fertility.
    • Sulfasalazine: Used for ulcerative colitis; associated with hepatotoxicity; caution is advised for patients with severe hepatic or renal impairment.
    • Orlistat: Prescribed for obesity management; inhibits fat absorption.
    • Emergency Contraception: Efficacy depends on the time since unprotected intercourse.
    • Methylnaltrexone: Addresses chronic constipation related to opioid use in advanced cancer; acts by blocking opioid receptors in the gut.

    Acid Neutralizers and Pain Management

    • Antacids: Provide temporary relief for heartburn; onset of action is 20-40 minutes; absorption may be reduced if taken within two hours of other medications.
    • DMARDS (Disease Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs): Slow disease progression, often combined with NSAIDs or steroids; risks include increased infection, bone marrow suppression, and hepatic fibrosis.
    • 5 Alpha Reductase Inhibitors: Prevent testosterone conversion and reduce prostate enlargement symptoms.
    • Vitamin A: Safe in recommended pregnancy doses but can cause fetal malformations if overdosed.
    • Alendronate: A bisphosphonate for osteoporosis; must be taken with water and requires the patient to remain upright for 30 minutes post-administration; can cause esophageal irritation.
    • Magnesium Sulfate: Used in preterm labor to relax smooth muscles; requires monitoring for sedation and overdose symptoms such as confusion and decreased reflexes.

    Gastrointestinal and Nutritional Considerations

    • Bismuth Subsalicylate: Binds toxins to eliminate them from the body; used in gastrointestinal distress.
    • Terbutaline: A tocolytic for preterm labor; black box warning for use over 48-72 hours due to fetal risks.
    • Sildenafil: Treats erectile dysfunction and conditions like Raynaud’s; can cause priapism and hypotension when used with nitrates.
    • Stool Softeners: Increase water and fat absorption in stools.
    • Psyllium Mucilloid: First-line treatment for constipation; increases fluid intake and may take several days for effects.
    • Enteral Feedings: Monitor for dry mucous membranes as a sign of insufficient hydration.

    Vitamin and Hormonal Factors

    • Folic Acid: Deficiency risk increased during pregnancy, alcohol abuse, and malabsorption disorders.
    • H2 Receptor Antagonists: Treat and prevent duodenal ulcers without affecting acid production directly.
    • Oral Contraceptives: Effectiveness can be reduced by certain antibiotics and specific medical conditions; increases risk of thrombotic events.
    • Testosterone: Used in palliative care for breast cancer treatment; requires patch site rotation every 7 days.
    • Conjugated Estrogen: Increases risks of blood clots and DVT; contraindicated with abnormal uterine bleeding.
    • Tamsulosin: Alleviates BPH symptoms and improves nocturia.

    Additional Medications and Considerations

    • Norethindrone: Should be taken at the same time daily; side effects include photosensitivity; affected by St. John’s wort.
    • Sucralfate: Coats and heals gastric erosions; does not affect acid production.
    • Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators: Contraindicated in patients with venous thromboembolism.
    • PPIs (Proton Pump Inhibitors): Block stomach acid secretion; long-term use can increase fracture risks; delayed symptom relief.
    • Medroxyprogesterone: Long-term contraceptive, administered deep IM every three months; increased thrombotic event risks; avoid smokers to reduce complications.
    • Misoprostol: Prevents peptic ulcers by stimulating mucus production; inhibits gastric acid secretion.
    • Ondansetron (Zofran): Administered before triggers; may prolong QT interval and cause dysrhythmias.
    • TPN (Total Parenteral Nutrition): Requires central line and regular blood sugar monitoring; must be refrigerated before use.

    Hormone Replacement Therapy Risks

    • Risks associated with hormone replacement therapy include deep vein thrombosis (DVT), myocardial infarction (MI), and dementia.

    Hormones and Medications

    • Oxytocin: Produced by the pituitary gland; induces uterine contractions during delivery and postpartum to prevent hemorrhaging; common side effect includes rapid and painful contractions.
    • Finasteride: Treats benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH); alleviates nocturia symptoms; potential side effects involve sexual dysfunction and impaired fertility.
    • Sulfasalazine: Used for ulcerative colitis; associated with hepatotoxicity; caution is advised for patients with severe hepatic or renal impairment.
    • Orlistat: Prescribed for obesity management; inhibits fat absorption.
    • Emergency Contraception: Efficacy depends on the time since unprotected intercourse.
    • Methylnaltrexone: Addresses chronic constipation related to opioid use in advanced cancer; acts by blocking opioid receptors in the gut.

    Acid Neutralizers and Pain Management

    • Antacids: Provide temporary relief for heartburn; onset of action is 20-40 minutes; absorption may be reduced if taken within two hours of other medications.
    • DMARDS (Disease Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs): Slow disease progression, often combined with NSAIDs or steroids; risks include increased infection, bone marrow suppression, and hepatic fibrosis.
    • 5 Alpha Reductase Inhibitors: Prevent testosterone conversion and reduce prostate enlargement symptoms.
    • Vitamin A: Safe in recommended pregnancy doses but can cause fetal malformations if overdosed.
    • Alendronate: A bisphosphonate for osteoporosis; must be taken with water and requires the patient to remain upright for 30 minutes post-administration; can cause esophageal irritation.
    • Magnesium Sulfate: Used in preterm labor to relax smooth muscles; requires monitoring for sedation and overdose symptoms such as confusion and decreased reflexes.

    Gastrointestinal and Nutritional Considerations

    • Bismuth Subsalicylate: Binds toxins to eliminate them from the body; used in gastrointestinal distress.
    • Terbutaline: A tocolytic for preterm labor; black box warning for use over 48-72 hours due to fetal risks.
    • Sildenafil: Treats erectile dysfunction and conditions like Raynaud’s; can cause priapism and hypotension when used with nitrates.
    • Stool Softeners: Increase water and fat absorption in stools.
    • Psyllium Mucilloid: First-line treatment for constipation; increases fluid intake and may take several days for effects.
    • Enteral Feedings: Monitor for dry mucous membranes as a sign of insufficient hydration.

    Vitamin and Hormonal Factors

    • Folic Acid: Deficiency risk increased during pregnancy, alcohol abuse, and malabsorption disorders.
    • H2 Receptor Antagonists: Treat and prevent duodenal ulcers without affecting acid production directly.
    • Oral Contraceptives: Effectiveness can be reduced by certain antibiotics and specific medical conditions; increases risk of thrombotic events.
    • Testosterone: Used in palliative care for breast cancer treatment; requires patch site rotation every 7 days.
    • Conjugated Estrogen: Increases risks of blood clots and DVT; contraindicated with abnormal uterine bleeding.
    • Tamsulosin: Alleviates BPH symptoms and improves nocturia.

    Additional Medications and Considerations

    • Norethindrone: Should be taken at the same time daily; side effects include photosensitivity; affected by St. John’s wort.
    • Sucralfate: Coats and heals gastric erosions; does not affect acid production.
    • Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators: Contraindicated in patients with venous thromboembolism.
    • PPIs (Proton Pump Inhibitors): Block stomach acid secretion; long-term use can increase fracture risks; delayed symptom relief.
    • Medroxyprogesterone: Long-term contraceptive, administered deep IM every three months; increased thrombotic event risks; avoid smokers to reduce complications.
    • Misoprostol: Prevents peptic ulcers by stimulating mucus production; inhibits gastric acid secretion.
    • Ondansetron (Zofran): Administered before triggers; may prolong QT interval and cause dysrhythmias.
    • TPN (Total Parenteral Nutrition): Requires central line and regular blood sugar monitoring; must be refrigerated before use.

    Hormone Replacement Therapy Risks

    • Risks associated with hormone replacement therapy include deep vein thrombosis (DVT), myocardial infarction (MI), and dementia.

    Hormones and Contractions

    • Oxytocin: Produced by the pituitary gland; stimulates uterine smooth muscle contractions during delivery; aids in regulating contractions and preventing post-delivery hemorrhaging; common side effect includes rapid and painful contractions.

    Medications for Specific Conditions

    • Finasteride: Treats benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) by decreasing symptoms like nocturia; side effects include sexual dysfunction and impaired fertility.
    • Sulfasalazine: Prescribed for ulcerative colitis; carry risks of hepatotoxicity; use cautiously in patients with severe liver or kidney impairments.
    • Orlistat: A medication used to manage obesity by inhibiting fat absorption.
    • Emergency Contraception: Decision is based on the timing since intercourse occurred; works to prevent pregnancy post-coitus.
    • Methylnaltrexone: Designed for chronic constipation relief in patients with advanced cancer on opioids.

    Antacids and Gastrointestinal Medications

    • Antacids: Onset of action between 20-40 minutes; neutralizes stomach acid, providing temporary relief from heartburn; absorption may be impaired if taken with other medications.
    • DMARDs: Help slow disease progression in chronic conditions; often combined with NSAIDs or steroids to manage inflammation and pain; risk of infections, bone marrow suppression, and hepatic fibrosis increases.
    • 5-alpha Reductase Inhibitors: Prevent conversion of testosterone, promoting prostate shrinkage; effective in treating BPH.
    • Alendronate: A bisphosphonate that may cause esophageal irritation or ulceration; requires full glass of water intake and upright posture post-consumption.
    • Magnesium Sulfate: Used to relax smooth muscle and delay preterm labor; monitor for overdose symptoms such as confusion and muscle weakness; avoid alcohol as it can enhance sedative effects.

    Vitamins and Nutritional Considerations

    • Vitamin A: Necessary for vision; safe in recommended doses during pregnancy but excess can lead to fetal malformations.
    • Folic Acid: Deficiency can occur due to pregnancy, alcohol abuse, or malabsorption disorders; supplementation is vital.

    Hormonal Therapies and Contraceptives

    • Conjugated Estrogen: Commonly used for menopausal symptoms; increases risks of blood clots and other side effects, especially in women over 35; contraindicated in abnormal uterine bleeding.
    • Norethindrone: Taken consistently daily; patients should be aware of photosensitivity; St. John's Wort can interfere with efficacy leading to breakthrough bleeding.
    • Medroxyprogesterone: Long-term contraceptive administered via deep IM every three months; smoking and use of St. John's Wort can increase thrombolytic event risks.

    Treatment of Ulcers and Other Conditions

    • H2 Receptor Antagonists: Useful in treating duodenal ulcers and preventing recurrence; effectiveness may decrease when taken alongside antacids.
    • Sucralfate: Coats and heals gastric erosions without impacting acid production; beneficial for peptic ulcer disease.
    • Zofran (Ondansetron): Administered before triggers to prevent nausea; potential to lengthen QT interval and cause dysrhythmias.

    IV Fluids and Electrolytes

    • TPN (Total Parenteral Nutrition): Requires central line administration; monitored for blood glucose levels; remove from refrigeration 30 minutes before use.
    • Crystalloids: Contain electrolytes; mimic extracellular fluid; effective for hypovolemic shock.
    • Colloids: Plasma protein solutions that maintain fluid within blood vessels; rapid administration can lead to fluid overload.

    Other Important Points

    • Priapism: A serious condition associated with medications for erectile dysfunction; contraindicated with nitrates due to hypotension.
    • Psyllium Mucilloid: First-line agent for constipation; takes several days to effect; increases water absorption in stool; essential to increase fluid intake.
    • Bismuth Subsalicylate: Used for diarrhea as it binds and absorbs toxins.
    • Terbutaline: Tocolytic medication for preterm labor; has a black box warning against use for more than 48-72 hours due to fetal risks.

    Hormones and Contractions

    • Oxytocin: Produced by the pituitary gland; stimulates uterine smooth muscle contractions during delivery; aids in regulating contractions and preventing post-delivery hemorrhaging; common side effect includes rapid and painful contractions.

    Medications for Specific Conditions

    • Finasteride: Treats benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) by decreasing symptoms like nocturia; side effects include sexual dysfunction and impaired fertility.
    • Sulfasalazine: Prescribed for ulcerative colitis; carry risks of hepatotoxicity; use cautiously in patients with severe liver or kidney impairments.
    • Orlistat: A medication used to manage obesity by inhibiting fat absorption.
    • Emergency Contraception: Decision is based on the timing since intercourse occurred; works to prevent pregnancy post-coitus.
    • Methylnaltrexone: Designed for chronic constipation relief in patients with advanced cancer on opioids.

    Antacids and Gastrointestinal Medications

    • Antacids: Onset of action between 20-40 minutes; neutralizes stomach acid, providing temporary relief from heartburn; absorption may be impaired if taken with other medications.
    • DMARDs: Help slow disease progression in chronic conditions; often combined with NSAIDs or steroids to manage inflammation and pain; risk of infections, bone marrow suppression, and hepatic fibrosis increases.
    • 5-alpha Reductase Inhibitors: Prevent conversion of testosterone, promoting prostate shrinkage; effective in treating BPH.
    • Alendronate: A bisphosphonate that may cause esophageal irritation or ulceration; requires full glass of water intake and upright posture post-consumption.
    • Magnesium Sulfate: Used to relax smooth muscle and delay preterm labor; monitor for overdose symptoms such as confusion and muscle weakness; avoid alcohol as it can enhance sedative effects.

    Vitamins and Nutritional Considerations

    • Vitamin A: Necessary for vision; safe in recommended doses during pregnancy but excess can lead to fetal malformations.
    • Folic Acid: Deficiency can occur due to pregnancy, alcohol abuse, or malabsorption disorders; supplementation is vital.

    Hormonal Therapies and Contraceptives

    • Conjugated Estrogen: Commonly used for menopausal symptoms; increases risks of blood clots and other side effects, especially in women over 35; contraindicated in abnormal uterine bleeding.
    • Norethindrone: Taken consistently daily; patients should be aware of photosensitivity; St. John's Wort can interfere with efficacy leading to breakthrough bleeding.
    • Medroxyprogesterone: Long-term contraceptive administered via deep IM every three months; smoking and use of St. John's Wort can increase thrombolytic event risks.

    Treatment of Ulcers and Other Conditions

    • H2 Receptor Antagonists: Useful in treating duodenal ulcers and preventing recurrence; effectiveness may decrease when taken alongside antacids.
    • Sucralfate: Coats and heals gastric erosions without impacting acid production; beneficial for peptic ulcer disease.
    • Zofran (Ondansetron): Administered before triggers to prevent nausea; potential to lengthen QT interval and cause dysrhythmias.

    IV Fluids and Electrolytes

    • TPN (Total Parenteral Nutrition): Requires central line administration; monitored for blood glucose levels; remove from refrigeration 30 minutes before use.
    • Crystalloids: Contain electrolytes; mimic extracellular fluid; effective for hypovolemic shock.
    • Colloids: Plasma protein solutions that maintain fluid within blood vessels; rapid administration can lead to fluid overload.

    Other Important Points

    • Priapism: A serious condition associated with medications for erectile dysfunction; contraindicated with nitrates due to hypotension.
    • Psyllium Mucilloid: First-line agent for constipation; takes several days to effect; increases water absorption in stool; essential to increase fluid intake.
    • Bismuth Subsalicylate: Used for diarrhea as it binds and absorbs toxins.
    • Terbutaline: Tocolytic medication for preterm labor; has a black box warning against use for more than 48-72 hours due to fetal risks.

    Side Effects and Management

    • Nausea and itching can be managed at home as common side effects.
    • Adverse effects may include hives, severe rash, or anaphylaxis.

    Medication Classifications

    • Lactated Ringer's is a crystalloid fluid that is isotonic, preventing major compartment shifts.
    • Ciproflaxcin is an antibiotic that can be taken with or without food; antacids reduce absorption.
    • Nystatin treats fungal infections and is available in various forms such as capsules and creams.

    Drug Specifics and Considerations

    • Theophylline is used for asthma; it has multiple side effects including tachycardia and insomnia.
    • Aspirin effectiveness can decrease with steroid use; it is classified as an NSAID.
    • Allopurinol is taken with food to treat gout, requiring 1-3 weeks to affect uric acid levels.
    • Omeprazole is a PPI that treats peptic ulcer disease.
    • Famotidine is an OTC or prescription option for GERD treatment.

    Special Drug Administration and Precautions

    • Oxytocin stimulates labor and should be monitored for rapid contractions requiring intervention.
    • Naloxone is used to treat opiate overdose; respiratory depression is a key sign.
    • Morphine causes peripheral vasodilation leading to orthostatic hypotension and requires careful monitoring.
    • Potassium IV should be delivered at a concentration of 1mEq per 10ml, with a maximum rate of 10mEq/hr; never give IV push.

    Pharmacological Principles

    • Absorption refers to the movement of substances across body membranes into body fluids.
    • The first-pass effect is the medication metabolization in the liver bypassed by IV administration.
    • A loading dose provides a large initial dose to quickly achieve therapeutic concentrations.

    Drug Interactions and Effects

    • Estradiol's effectiveness can be diminished by antibiotics; smoking should be questioned.
    • Macrolides are bacteriostatic, inhibiting protein synthesis.
    • Ibuprofen may cause gastrointestinal bleeding; monitor kidney patients for increased creatinine levels.

    Treatment Modalities

    • Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole is used to treat UTIs.
    • Montelukast is a leukotriene modifier that can cause rare but serious side effects like suicidal thoughts.
    • Diphendydramine is used in Parkinson's treatment and may lead to urinary retention and dry mouth.

    Drug Delivery and Kinetics

    • Space devices ensure that more medication is delivered into the lungs.
    • Pharmacokinetics includes absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion—summarized as ADME.
    • IV, sublingual, oral liquid, oral tablets, and oral enteric-coated represent routes from fastest to slowest effectiveness.

    Additional Considerations

    • Acetaminophen treats pain, especially for patients with a history of ulcers.
    • Lithium is effective for manic/depressive episodes but has a narrow therapeutic window and many drug interactions.
    • Use caution with medications that cannot be crushed, including extended release or enteric-coated formulations.

    Side Effects and Management

    • Nausea and itching can be managed at home as common side effects.
    • Adverse effects may include hives, severe rash, or anaphylaxis.

    Medication Classifications

    • Lactated Ringer's is a crystalloid fluid that is isotonic, preventing major compartment shifts.
    • Ciproflaxcin is an antibiotic that can be taken with or without food; antacids reduce absorption.
    • Nystatin treats fungal infections and is available in various forms such as capsules and creams.

    Drug Specifics and Considerations

    • Theophylline is used for asthma; it has multiple side effects including tachycardia and insomnia.
    • Aspirin effectiveness can decrease with steroid use; it is classified as an NSAID.
    • Allopurinol is taken with food to treat gout, requiring 1-3 weeks to affect uric acid levels.
    • Omeprazole is a PPI that treats peptic ulcer disease.
    • Famotidine is an OTC or prescription option for GERD treatment.

    Special Drug Administration and Precautions

    • Oxytocin stimulates labor and should be monitored for rapid contractions requiring intervention.
    • Naloxone is used to treat opiate overdose; respiratory depression is a key sign.
    • Morphine causes peripheral vasodilation leading to orthostatic hypotension and requires careful monitoring.
    • Potassium IV should be delivered at a concentration of 1mEq per 10ml, with a maximum rate of 10mEq/hr; never give IV push.

    Pharmacological Principles

    • Absorption refers to the movement of substances across body membranes into body fluids.
    • The first-pass effect is the medication metabolization in the liver bypassed by IV administration.
    • A loading dose provides a large initial dose to quickly achieve therapeutic concentrations.

    Drug Interactions and Effects

    • Estradiol's effectiveness can be diminished by antibiotics; smoking should be questioned.
    • Macrolides are bacteriostatic, inhibiting protein synthesis.
    • Ibuprofen may cause gastrointestinal bleeding; monitor kidney patients for increased creatinine levels.

    Treatment Modalities

    • Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole is used to treat UTIs.
    • Montelukast is a leukotriene modifier that can cause rare but serious side effects like suicidal thoughts.
    • Diphendydramine is used in Parkinson's treatment and may lead to urinary retention and dry mouth.

    Drug Delivery and Kinetics

    • Space devices ensure that more medication is delivered into the lungs.
    • Pharmacokinetics includes absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion—summarized as ADME.
    • IV, sublingual, oral liquid, oral tablets, and oral enteric-coated represent routes from fastest to slowest effectiveness.

    Additional Considerations

    • Acetaminophen treats pain, especially for patients with a history of ulcers.
    • Lithium is effective for manic/depressive episodes but has a narrow therapeutic window and many drug interactions.
    • Use caution with medications that cannot be crushed, including extended release or enteric-coated formulations.

    Side Effects and Management

    • Nausea and itching can be managed at home as a common side effect.
    • Adverse effects can include hives, severe rash, and anaphylaxis.

    Medications and Their Characteristics

    • Lactated Ringer’s solution is an isotonic crystalloid fluid that maintains compartment stability.
    • Trade names refer to the branding of medications, which may have multiple identifiers.
    • Nystatin is used for fungal infections and comes in various forms: capsule, cream, oral, or powder.
    • Theophylline is used for asthma management; contraindications include caffeine due to potential side effects like tachycardia and insomnia.

    Renal and Drug Interaction Concerns

    • End-stage renal disease (ESRD) can decrease drug excretion, increasing drug toxicity risks.
    • Medications such as aspirin are affected by steroids and have NSAID classifications, impacting drug effectiveness.

    Antibiotics and Their Effects

    • Ciprofloxacin is an antibiotic effective for treating anthrax; it is important to take it without antacids.
    • Antibiotics can lead to foul-smelling diarrhea as a side effect.
    • Bactericidal antibiotics kill bacteria, while bacteriostatic antibiotics inhibit their growth.

    Administration and Dosage Guidelines

    • Potassium IV must be delivered at 1 mEq per 10 mL at a maximum rate of 10 mEq/hr; never administer IV push.
    • Usage of a spacer ensures more effective delivery of inhaled medications.
    • Oral medications should not be given if bowel sounds are absent.

    Specific Drug Classifications and Effects

    • Morphine causes peripheral vasodilation and may lead to orthostatic hypotension; effectiveness requires monitoring and dietary adjustments.
    • Macrolides inhibit protein synthesis and display bacteriostatic activity.
    • Finasteride reduces prostate size and restores urinary function, requiring 6-12 months for effectiveness.

    Special Drug Uses and Considerations

    • Naloxone treats opiate overdoses, with respiratory depression as an initial sign.
    • Rispiridone is an atypical antipsychotic that treats both positive and negative symptoms of disorders.
    • Montelukast is a leukotriene modifier for asthma but carries a risk of suicidal thoughts.

    Pharmacokinetics and Body Interaction

    • Pharmacokinetics involves absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs.
    • Absorption refers to the transfer of drugs from administration site to circulating fluids.
    • Distribution influences how drugs move between blood and various tissues.

    Gastrointestinal and CNS Effects

    • Ondansetron is an antiemetic that should be given before triggers are present.
    • Diphenhydramine, a 1st generation antihistamine, can cause drowsiness and dry mouth as common effects.

    Treatment for Specific Conditions

    • Ibuprofen is used cautiously in patients with kidney issues and can lead to GI bleeding.
    • Antiretroviral medications are vital in treating HIV, often requiring combined administration to prevent resistance.
    • Loperamide serves as an antidiarrheal but is not appropriate for infectious diarrhea scenarios.

    General Administration Instructions

    • Extended release, delayed-release, or enteric-coated oral medications must not be crushed.
    • Fastest to slowest routes of administration effectiveness are IV, sublingual, oral liquid, tablets, and enteric-coated tablets.

    Mental Health and Mood Stabilizers

    • Lithium is effective for manic and depressive episodes, though it has a narrow therapeutic window and numerous drug interactions.
    • Tricyclic antidepressants may take 4-8 weeks to show maximum effectiveness and are not first-line treatments.

    Precautions and Monitoring

    • Use Ipratropium with caution in patients with allergies to soybeans, peanuts, or soy lectin.
    • Tardive dyskinesia poses the most serious adverse effect for Metoclopramide, designated with a black box warning.

    Autism

    • Involve parents in assessments of young children as they may feel uncomfortable without parental presence.
    • Consistency in routines and familiar toys is crucial for managing care at home.
    • Key characteristics: inability to maintain eye contact, repetitive actions, strict adherence to routines.
    • Questioning the use of electroconvulsive therapy is necessary.

    ADHD

    • Adolescents with ADHD may engage in risky behaviors; understanding risks is vital.
    • Verbal acknowledgment of the dangers, like "not texting while driving," indicates effective teaching.
    • Goal for children: recognising personal space and exhibiting less intrusive behavior.
    • Stimulant medications are the first line of treatment and address all symptoms.
    • Symptoms include limited attention span and frequent shifts between unfinished tasks.
    • Breaking homework into smaller tasks aids in achieving completion.
    • Ritalin may decrease appetite, potentially causing weight loss, but increases attention span and learning abilities.
    • Plan of care: gain child’s attention before speaking and establish clear behavioral limits.

    Tourette's Disorder

    • Up to 50% of patients with Tourette's also have ADHD, and 40% may have OCD.
    • Treatment options include antipsychotics and alpha-adrenergic agonists.
    • Tics may worsen under stress; managing stress is important.
    • Therapeutic relationships help clients with problem solving and coping skills.

    Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD)

    • Clients posing threats to themselves or others require additional follow-up.

    Conduct Disorder

    • Verbal abuse in environments carries risks for injury to others.
    • Behavior contracts clarify expected behaviors and consequences.
    • Childhood-onset conduct disorder is more severe than adolescent-onset, with a higher likelihood of developing antisocial personality disorder.

    Separation Anxiety Disorder and Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder (DMDD)

    • DMDD is characterized by outbursts across multiple settings; symptoms limited to one location may not warrant a diagnosis.
    • Understanding a client’s developmental level aids in tailoring family teaching materials.

    Eating Disorders

    • An interdisciplinary team is vital for care, with dietitians focusing on physiological needs.
    • Accompanying clients with eating disorders to the bathroom after meals are crucial to prevent self-induced vomiting.
    • Systolic blood pressure of 62 mm Hg indicates a need for hospitalization.
    • Distorted body image is common among adolescents with eating disorders.
    • Clients may have very low BMI (<17) and altered hormones, leading to extreme fear of weight gain.
    • Follow-up on irregular heart rates is essential.
    • SSRIs, like Fluoxetine (Prozac), take approximately two months for maximal efficacy.
    • Family dynamics and conflicts can hinder recovery; families should be educated on their roles.
    • Nursing interventions include encouraging clients to express feelings about family relationships.

    Binge Eating Disorder

    • Characterized by feelings of guilt post-eating.

    Personality Disorders (Clusters A, B, C)

    • Self-injury and violence require prioritized nursing actions.
    • No medication cures personality disorders; interventions must focus on the patient’s understanding of the rules and consequences.
    • Setting therapeutic boundaries is critical to managing manipulative behaviors.

    Cluster A (Odd, Bizarre, Eccentric)

    • Paranoid Personality Disorder: suspiciousness demands a non-threatening, calm approach from staff.
    • Schizoid and Schizotypal disorders involve social withdrawal and eccentric behaviors.

    Cluster B (Dramatic, Erratic, Emotional)

    • Antisocial Personality Disorder: manipulative behavior with total disregard for societal norms.
    • Borderline Personality Disorder: requires firm, consistent nursing approaches.
    • Histrionic Personality Disorder: involves self-dramatization and attention-seeking.
    • Narcissistic Personality Disorder: characterized by arrogance and lack of empathy.

    Cluster C (Dependent, Anxious, Fearful)

    • Avoidant Personality Disorder: exhibits withdrawal and fear of rejection.
    • Dependent Personality Disorder: features extreme passivity and self-doubt.
    • Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder: marked by control and organization; clutter may indicate distress.

    Additional Considerations

    • Safety priority for clients reporting self-harm or harm to others necessitates immediate attention.
    • Privacy is essential during assessments, but suicidal ideations must be reported.
    • Electroconvulsive therapy may be warranted for cases unresponsive to other treatments.
    • Nutritional support should be closely monitored, especially to prevent refeeding syndrome.

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