Questions and Answers
What symptom is commonly associated with an overdose of magnesium sulfate?
What can a deficiency in folic acid be caused by?
Which medication is contraindicated when using nitrates?
What is a primary use of misoprostol?
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What side effect is associated with norethindrone?
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What condition is rifampin known to affect?
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Long-term use of PPIs may increase the risk of which condition?
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What is a contraindication for using conjugated estrogens?
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What must be monitored when administering TPN?
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What is a side effect of ondansetron?
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What is the main therapeutic use of Misoprostol?
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Which medication is contraindicated for patients with abnormal uterine bleeding?
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What condition can occur as a result of improper administration of intravenous Potassium?
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Which of the following is a known side effect of long-term use of PPIs?
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Nifedipine is classified as which type of medication?
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What medication is primarily used to treat Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)?
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What is a critical consideration when administering TPN (Total Parenteral Nutrition)?
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Sodium bicarbonate should be monitored for adverse effects, which may include what condition?
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What is the main reason for avoiding smoking while on conjugated estrogen therapy?
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Which of the following medications is best suited for delaying preterm labor?
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What is the primary hormone produced by the pituitary that influences uterine contractions during delivery?
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Which medication is primarily used for treating benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and may cause sexual dysfunction as a side effect?
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What condition is sulfasalazine primarily used to treat, and what is a potential serious side effect?
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What is the mechanism of action of orlistat, the medication used to treat obesity?
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Which type of medication is indicated based on the timeframe after intercourse for preventing pregnancy?
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What is methylnaltrexone primarily used for in patients with advanced cancer?
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What action does an antacid have on stomach acid, and how long does it generally take to relieve heartburn?
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What is a significant risk associated with the use of DMARDs in treating chronic inflammatory diseases?
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What is the relationship between vitamin A and pregnancy when taken in excess?
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Which bisphosphonate requires the patient to remain upright for a period after administration to minimize adverse effects?
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Study Notes
Hormones and Contractions
- Oxytocin: Produced by the pituitary gland; stimulates uterine smooth muscle contractions during delivery; aids in regulating contractions and preventing post-delivery hemorrhaging; common side effect includes rapid and painful contractions.
Medications for Specific Conditions
- Finasteride: Treats benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) by decreasing symptoms like nocturia; side effects include sexual dysfunction and impaired fertility.
- Sulfasalazine: Prescribed for ulcerative colitis; carry risks of hepatotoxicity; use cautiously in patients with severe liver or kidney impairments.
- Orlistat: A medication used to manage obesity by inhibiting fat absorption.
- Emergency Contraception: Decision is based on the timing since intercourse occurred; works to prevent pregnancy post-coitus.
- Methylnaltrexone: Designed for chronic constipation relief in patients with advanced cancer on opioids.
Antacids and Gastrointestinal Medications
- Antacids: Onset of action between 20-40 minutes; neutralizes stomach acid, providing temporary relief from heartburn; absorption may be impaired if taken with other medications.
- DMARDs: Help slow disease progression in chronic conditions; often combined with NSAIDs or steroids to manage inflammation and pain; risk of infections, bone marrow suppression, and hepatic fibrosis increases.
- 5-alpha Reductase Inhibitors: Prevent conversion of testosterone, promoting prostate shrinkage; effective in treating BPH.
- Alendronate: A bisphosphonate that may cause esophageal irritation or ulceration; requires full glass of water intake and upright posture post-consumption.
- Magnesium Sulfate: Used to relax smooth muscle and delay preterm labor; monitor for overdose symptoms such as confusion and muscle weakness; avoid alcohol as it can enhance sedative effects.
Vitamins and Nutritional Considerations
- Vitamin A: Necessary for vision; safe in recommended doses during pregnancy but excess can lead to fetal malformations.
- Folic Acid: Deficiency can occur due to pregnancy, alcohol abuse, or malabsorption disorders; supplementation is vital.
Hormonal Therapies and Contraceptives
- Conjugated Estrogen: Commonly used for menopausal symptoms; increases risks of blood clots and other side effects, especially in women over 35; contraindicated in abnormal uterine bleeding.
- Norethindrone: Taken consistently daily; patients should be aware of photosensitivity; St. John's Wort can interfere with efficacy leading to breakthrough bleeding.
- Medroxyprogesterone: Long-term contraceptive administered via deep IM every three months; smoking and use of St. John's Wort can increase thrombolytic event risks.
Treatment of Ulcers and Other Conditions
- H2 Receptor Antagonists: Useful in treating duodenal ulcers and preventing recurrence; effectiveness may decrease when taken alongside antacids.
- Sucralfate: Coats and heals gastric erosions without impacting acid production; beneficial for peptic ulcer disease.
- Zofran (Ondansetron): Administered before triggers to prevent nausea; potential to lengthen QT interval and cause dysrhythmias.
IV Fluids and Electrolytes
- TPN (Total Parenteral Nutrition): Requires central line administration; monitored for blood glucose levels; remove from refrigeration 30 minutes before use.
- Crystalloids: Contain electrolytes; mimic extracellular fluid; effective for hypovolemic shock.
- Colloids: Plasma protein solutions that maintain fluid within blood vessels; rapid administration can lead to fluid overload.
Other Important Points
- Priapism: A serious condition associated with medications for erectile dysfunction; contraindicated with nitrates due to hypotension.
- Psyllium Mucilloid: First-line agent for constipation; takes several days to effect; increases water absorption in stool; essential to increase fluid intake.
- Bismuth Subsalicylate: Used for diarrhea as it binds and absorbs toxins.
- Terbutaline: Tocolytic medication for preterm labor; has a black box warning against use for more than 48-72 hours due to fetal risks.
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Description
This quiz explores the pharmacological aspects of hormones like oxytocin and medications such as finasteride and mesalazine. Understand their uses, side effects, and significance in medical treatments. It's essential for students in healthcare fields to grasp these concepts.
