Pharmacology Chapters 12 & 15

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Questions and Answers

What is an important consideration when advising older adults about osmotic laxatives?

They should take them on an empty stomach.

They are safe for long-term use.

They do not require additional fluids.

They should monitor electrolytes. (correct)

What should be advised regarding the use of lubricant laxatives?

They should be taken without any fluids.

Hydration is not necessary while using them.

They should only be used temporarily. (correct)

They can be used long-term without issues.

What is a caution associated with stimulant laxatives?

They may cause chronic diarrhea.

They should be taken daily for effective results.

Long-term use can be problematic. (correct)

They are safe for use by children.

What is a key recommendation when using histamine H2 blockers?

They should be taken before meals. Signup and view all the answers

What should patients be cautious about when using beta-adrenergic blocking agents?

Fatigue and dizziness may occur with abrupt cessation. Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action for non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs)?

They bind directly to HIV reverse transcriptase. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an example of a biological response modifier?

Nevirapine Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary use of loop diuretics?

Edema and heart failure Signup and view all the answers

Which type of diuretic increases osmotic pressure in renal tubules?

Osmotic Diuretics Signup and view all the answers

How do ACE inhibitors lower blood pressure?

By blocking the conversion of angiotensin I to II. Signup and view all the answers

What is a common side effect associated with potassium-sparing diuretics?

Hyperkalemia Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following drugs is a calcium channel blocker?

Amlodipine Signup and view all the answers

What is the therapeutic effect of alpha-beta blockers?

Lower blood pressure and heart rate Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of statins in lipid lowering?

Inhibit HMG-CoA reductase Signup and view all the answers

Which drug class directly inhibits thrombin activity?

Thrombin inhibitors Signup and view all the answers

Which type of diuretic is primarily used to prevent hypokalemia?

Potassium-sparing diuretic Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common side effect of ACE inhibitors?

Cough Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the uses of fibrates in pharmacotherapy?

Lower triglyceride levels Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism do gastric proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) utilize?

Block gastric acid secretion Signup and view all the answers

Which antipsychotic belongs to phenothiazines?

Prochlorperazine Signup and view all the answers

What is a notable side effect associated with thrombin inhibitors?

Bleeding risk Signup and view all the answers

Which drug class is primarily used for managing hyperlipidemia in conjunction with statins?

Fibrates Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary indication for cholesterol absorption inhibitors?

Hyperlipidemia treatment Signup and view all the answers

What side effect should patients taking anticholinergics be cautious of?

Sedation Signup and view all the answers

Which class of drugs is primarily indicated for prevention of myocardial infarction and stroke?

Antiplatelet drugs Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism is associated with beta-adrenergic blocking agents?

Reduce heart rate and blood pressure Signup and view all the answers

What type of drug is lactulose classified as?

Osmotic laxative Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Antiretrovirals (Chapter 12)

NNRTIs (Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors): Inhibit HIV reverse transcriptase, preventing RNA-to-DNA conversion. Examples: Efavirenz, Nevirapine. Used in HIV treatment.
Biological Response Modifiers (BRMs): Modify immune responses (enhance or suppress) for cancer and autoimmune therapy. Examples: Interferons, Interleukins.
Targeted Therapy: Targets specific molecules in cancer cells. Examples: Tyrosine kinase inhibitors, monoclonal antibodies. Used to treat cancers with fewer systemic side effects.
Hormone Manipulation: Alters hormones to treat hormone-sensitive cancers. Examples: Tamoxifen (breast cancer), androgen inhibitors (prostate cancer).

Diuretics (Chapter 15)

Loop Diuretics: Inhibit sodium/chloride reabsorption in the loop of Henle. Examples: Furosemide, Bumetanide. Used to treat edema, heart failure, and hypertension.
Osmotic Diuretics: Increase osmotic pressure in renal tubules to inhibit water reabsorption. Examples: Mannitol. Used for cerebral edema and acute kidney injury.
Thiazide Diuretics: Inhibit sodium-chloride symporter in the distal tubule. Examples: Hydrochlorothiazide, Chlorothiazide. Used to treat hypertension and edema.
Potassium-Sparing Diuretics: Inhibit sodium reabsorption, keeping potassium. Examples: Spironolactone, Amiloride. Prevent hypokalemia and used in heart failure.

Cardiovascular Drugs (Chapters 16 & 17)

ACE Inhibitors: Block angiotensin-converting enzyme to reduce blood pressure. Examples: Lisinopril, Enalapril. Used for hypertension, heart failure, and post-MI.
Direct Vasodilators: Relax vascular smooth muscle to lower blood pressure. Examples: Hydralazine, Minoxidil. Used for hypertensive emergencies.
Alpha-Beta Blockers: Block alpha and beta receptors reducing blood pressure and heart rate. Examples: Carvedilol, Labetalol. Used for hypertension and heart failure.
Calcium Channel Blockers (CCBs): Block calcium entry into smooth muscle, causing vasodilation. Examples: Amlodipine, Verapamil. Used for hypertension, angina, and arrhythmias.
Beta Blockers (for Hypertension): Block beta-adrenergic receptors to reduce heart rate and blood pressure. Examples: Metoprolol, Atenolol. Used for hypertension, arrhythmias, and post-MI.

Lipid-Lowering Drugs (Chapter 19)

Statins: Inhibit HMG-CoA reductase, reducing cholesterol synthesis. Examples: Atorvastatin, Simvastatin. Used for hyperlipidemia and preventing cardiovascular disease.
Cholesterol Absorption Inhibitors: Prevent cholesterol absorption in the small intestine. Example: Ezetimibe. Used for hypercholesterolemia, often combined with statins.

Anticoagulants and Antiplatelets (Chapter 20)

Thrombin Inhibitors: Directly inhibit thrombin activity. Examples: Dabigatran, Argatroban. Prevent/treat thromboembolic disorders.
Clotting Factor Synthesis Inhibitors: Block vitamin K-dependent clotting factor synthesis. Example: Warfarin. Used to prevent DVT and PE.
Antiplatelet Drugs: Inhibit platelet aggregation. Examples: Aspirin, Clopidogrel. Prevent MI and stroke.

Gastrointestinal Drugs (Chapters 22 & 23)

5HT3-Receptor Antagonists: Block serotonin receptors in the brain/gut to prevent nausea. Example: Ondansetron.
Anticholinergics: Block acetylcholine in the GI system. Example: Scopolamine.
Antacids: Neutralize stomach acid. Several types including, aluminum-, magnesium-, calcium-based, sodium bicarbonate, and combinations.
Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs): Block gastric acid secretion. Examples: Omeprazole, Pantoprazole.
Phenothiazines: Block dopamine receptors in the brain. Example: Prochlorperazine.
Dopamine Agonists: Stimulate dopamine receptors. Example: Domperidone.
HMG CoA Reductase Inhibitors (Statins): Inhibit HMG-CoA reductase. See above.
Bile Acid Sequestrants: Bind bile acids, reducing cholesterol. Example: Cholestyramine.
Fibrates: Increase fatty acid oxidation in the liver. Examples: Fenofibrate, Gemfibrozil.
Laxatives: Various types: Bulk-forming (psyllium), osmotic (lactulose, polyethylene glycol), lubricant (mineral oil), emollient/stool softener (docusate), stimulant (bisacodyl).
Antimotility Drugs/Antidiarrheals: Inhibit bowel movements. Examples: Loperamide.
Histamine H2 Blockers: Block histamine receptors to reduce stomach acid. Examples: Ranitidine, Famotidine.
Cytoprotective Drugs: Protect the gastric mucosa. Example: Sucralfate.

Adrenergic Drugs (Chapter 29)

Alpha-Adrenergic Agonists: Stimulate alpha receptors, causing vasoconstriction. Examples: Phenylephrine, Clonidine.
Beta-Adrenergic Blocking Agents: Block beta receptors, reducing heart rate and blood pressure. Examples: Propranolol, Bisoprolol.

Drug Administration Advice (Chapters 12, 15, etc.)

Specific Instructions for each drug class and individual drugs, often concerning diet considerations, monitoring needed (electrolytes, liver enzymes, etc.), and possible side effects.

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Description

This quiz covers key concepts from Chapters 12 and 15 focusing on antiretrovirals and diuretics. Explore various drug classes such as NNRTIs, BRMs, and loop diuretics, alongside their applications and mechanisms. Test your understanding of pharmacological treatments for HIV and other medical conditions.