Pharmacology Chapters 12 & 15

Antiretrovirals (Chapter 12)

• NNRTIs (Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors): Inhibit HIV reverse transcriptase, preventing RNA-to-DNA conversion. Examples: Efavirenz, Nevirapine. Used in HIV treatment.
• Biological Response Modifiers (BRMs): Modify immune responses (enhance or suppress) for cancer and autoimmune therapy. Examples: Interferons, Interleukins.
• Targeted Therapy: Targets specific molecules in cancer cells. Examples: Tyrosine kinase inhibitors, monoclonal antibodies. Used to treat cancers with fewer systemic side effects.
• Hormone Manipulation: Alters hormones to treat hormone-sensitive cancers. Examples: Tamoxifen (breast cancer), androgen inhibitors (prostate cancer).

Diuretics (Chapter 15)

• Loop Diuretics: Inhibit sodium/chloride reabsorption in the loop of Henle. Examples: Furosemide, Bumetanide. Used to treat edema, heart failure, and hypertension.
• Osmotic Diuretics: Increase osmotic pressure in renal tubules to inhibit water reabsorption. Examples: Mannitol. Used for cerebral edema and acute kidney injury.
• Thiazide Diuretics: Inhibit sodium-chloride symporter in the distal tubule. Examples: Hydrochlorothiazide, Chlorothiazide. Used to treat hypertension and edema.
• Potassium-Sparing Diuretics: Inhibit sodium reabsorption, keeping potassium. Examples: Spironolactone, Amiloride. Prevent hypokalemia and used in heart failure.

Cardiovascular Drugs (Chapters 16 & 17)

• ACE Inhibitors: Block angiotensin-converting enzyme to reduce blood pressure. Examples: Lisinopril, Enalapril. Used for hypertension, heart failure, and post-MI.
• Direct Vasodilators: Relax vascular smooth muscle to lower blood pressure. Examples: Hydralazine, Minoxidil. Used for hypertensive emergencies.
• Alpha-Beta Blockers: Block alpha and beta receptors reducing blood pressure and heart rate. Examples: Carvedilol, Labetalol. Used for hypertension and heart failure.
• Calcium Channel Blockers (CCBs): Block calcium entry into smooth muscle, causing vasodilation. Examples: Amlodipine, Verapamil. Used for hypertension, angina, and arrhythmias.
• Beta Blockers (for Hypertension): Block beta-adrenergic receptors to reduce heart rate and blood pressure. Examples: Metoprolol, Atenolol. Used for hypertension, arrhythmias, and post-MI.

Lipid-Lowering Drugs (Chapter 19)

• Statins: Inhibit HMG-CoA reductase, reducing cholesterol synthesis. Examples: Atorvastatin, Simvastatin. Used for hyperlipidemia and preventing cardiovascular disease.
• Cholesterol Absorption Inhibitors: Prevent cholesterol absorption in the small intestine. Example: Ezetimibe. Used for hypercholesterolemia, often combined with statins.

Anticoagulants and Antiplatelets (Chapter 20)

• Thrombin Inhibitors: Directly inhibit thrombin activity. Examples: Dabigatran, Argatroban. Prevent/treat thromboembolic disorders.
• Clotting Factor Synthesis Inhibitors: Block vitamin K-dependent clotting factor synthesis. Example: Warfarin. Used to prevent DVT and PE.
• Antiplatelet Drugs: Inhibit platelet aggregation. Examples: Aspirin, Clopidogrel. Prevent MI and stroke.

Gastrointestinal Drugs (Chapters 22 & 23)

• 5HT3-Receptor Antagonists: Block serotonin receptors in the brain/gut to prevent nausea. Example: Ondansetron.
• Anticholinergics: Block acetylcholine in the GI system. Example: Scopolamine.
• Antacids: Neutralize stomach acid. Several types including, aluminum-, magnesium-, calcium-based, sodium bicarbonate, and combinations.
• Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs): Block gastric acid secretion. Examples: Omeprazole, Pantoprazole.
• Phenothiazines: Block dopamine receptors in the brain. Example: Prochlorperazine.
• Dopamine Agonists: Stimulate dopamine receptors. Example: Domperidone.
• HMG CoA Reductase Inhibitors (Statins): Inhibit HMG-CoA reductase. See above.
• Bile Acid Sequestrants: Bind bile acids, reducing cholesterol. Example: Cholestyramine.
• Fibrates: Increase fatty acid oxidation in the liver. Examples: Fenofibrate, Gemfibrozil.
• Laxatives: Various types: Bulk-forming (psyllium), osmotic (lactulose, polyethylene glycol), lubricant (mineral oil), emollient/stool softener (docusate), stimulant (bisacodyl).
• Antimotility Drugs/Antidiarrheals: Inhibit bowel movements. Examples: Loperamide.
• Histamine H2 Blockers: Block histamine receptors to reduce stomach acid. Examples: Ranitidine, Famotidine.
• Cytoprotective Drugs: Protect the gastric mucosa. Example: Sucralfate.

Adrenergic Drugs (Chapter 29)

• Alpha-Adrenergic Agonists: Stimulate alpha receptors, causing vasoconstriction. Examples: Phenylephrine, Clonidine.
• Beta-Adrenergic Blocking Agents: Block beta receptors, reducing heart rate and blood pressure. Examples: Propranolol, Bisoprolol.

Drug Administration Advice (Chapters 12, 15, etc.)

• Specific Instructions for each drug class and individual drugs, often concerning diet considerations, monitoring needed (electrolytes, liver enzymes, etc.), and possible side effects.

This quiz covers key concepts from Chapters 12 and 15 focusing on antiretrovirals and diuretics. Explore various drug classes such as NNRTIs, BRMs, and loop diuretics, alongside their applications and mechanisms. Test your understanding of pharmacological treatments for HIV and other medical conditions.