Antiretroviral Therapy and Acute Diseases Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary purpose of antiretroviral therapy (ART)?

To stop viral replication (correct)

To provide immediate symptom relief

To cure viral infections completely

To improve immune system function

How often is antiretroviral therapy typically administered?

Twice a week

Once a week

Every day or once every 1 or 2 months (correct)

Only when symptoms worsen

Which of the following is NOT true about antiretroviral therapy?

It can stop the progression of a virus

It can involve taking a pill daily

It requires lifelong adherence

It is typically given as a single shot (correct)

What aspect of treatment does ART primarily focus on?

Halting viral replication Signup and view all the answers

What is a possible form of administering ART?

Daily oral pills or periodic shots Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes an acute disease?

Rapid onset of severe symptoms followed by a quick resolution Signup and view all the answers

What happens during the recovery period of a disease?

The body returns to its normal state Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of acute disease?

Develops over a long period Signup and view all the answers

What is the interaction between flu severity and recovery?

Higher severity leads to a longer recovery period Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about acute diseases is true?

They show a clear progression from onset to resolution Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between untreated HIV and AIDS?

Untreated HIV generally leads to the onset of AIDS over time. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a characteristic of AIDS?

It leads to the paralyzing of the immune system. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of an opportunistic infection associated with AIDS?

Kaposi’s sarcoma Signup and view all the answers

Which virus is associated with causing Kaposi’s sarcoma?

Kaposi’s sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV) Signup and view all the answers

What is a critical outcome for individuals with HIV who are untreated?

They may develop AIDS and become susceptible to opportunistic infections. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the relationship between disease and infection?

A person can be infected without developing disease. Signup and view all the answers

What does pathogenicity refer to in relation to microbes?

The ability of microbes to enter host tissues and cause change. Signup and view all the answers

How is virulence defined in the context of pathogenicity?

The degree of pathogenicity and damage caused to the host. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of a host with weak resistance?

The host develops disease due to microbial invasion. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following microbes is considered to be highly virulent?

Typhoid bacillus Signup and view all the answers

What is one method of transmission in the chain of transmission?

Direct contact between patients Signup and view all the answers

Which option describes a way healthcare staff can transmit infections?

Direct contact between healthcare staff and patient Signup and view all the answers

What does the chain of transmission highlight?

The importance of direct contact in spreading infections Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a method of transmission in the chain of transmission?

Surface disinfection Signup and view all the answers

In the context of infection transmission, what does direct contact specifically refer to?

Transmission between healthcare staff and patients Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of sterilization methods?

To eliminate all forms of microbial life Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common method of sterilization?

Freezing Signup and view all the answers

What is one potential disadvantage of using chemical sterilization methods?

They can leave toxic residues Signup and view all the answers

Which sterilization method utilizes steam under pressure?

Autoclaving Signup and view all the answers

Why might sterilization be critical in a healthcare setting?

To prevent contamination of sterile instruments and supplies Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Microbiology Lecture 10: Infection & Disease

Host-Microbe Relationship: Microbes live on and in the human body. Microbiota is the population of microbes that inhabit the body without causing disease. Some are permanent (e.g., Escherichia coli and Candida albicans in the large intestine) while others are transient (e.g., Streptococcus in the large intestine).
Symbiosis: The relationship between a host and its microbiota; can be beneficial to both (mutualism), beneficial to only one (commensalism), or harmful to the host (parasitism).
Opportunistic Infections: Indigenous microbiota can cause infections if the host's immune system is weakened (e.g., AIDS).
AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome): A severe stage of HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) infection, marked by a weakened immune system that allows opportunistic infections to develop.
Kaposi's Sarcoma (KS): A type of cancer caused by Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV), appearing as abnormal blood vessels on the skin. Severe cases can be life-threatening.
Pneumonia: Infection in the lungs caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi, characterized by symptoms like coughing, fever, and breathing problems, potentially life-threatening in people with compromised immune systems due to other conditions, like HIV infections.

Infection and Disease Mechanism

Infection: Multiplication of microbes within a host.
Disease: A change in the normal state of health caused by an infection or physical injury, but infection alone does not always result in disease.
Pathogenicity: Microbes' ability to cause disease.
Virulence: Degree of pathogenicity (i.e., the severity of the damage). Highly virulent microbes cause disease regularly. Moderately virulent ones cause disease sometimes, and avirulent ones don't generally cause disease.
Pathogenicity Islands: Clusters of genes on a chromosome or plasmid that can encode virulence factors.

Virulence Factors

Adhesion: Factors (e.g., capsules, pili) that enable pathogens to attach to host cells.
Enzymes: Factors (e.g., hyaluronidase) that aid in the invasion of host tissues.
Invasiveness: Capability of pathogens to penetrate tissues.
Toxicity: Production of toxins (endotoxins or exotoxins) that harm the host, causing intoxication.

Infective Dose

Infective dose refers to the number of microbes entering the body. Infections will only develop when the infectious dose is exceeded.

Potential Pathogen Interactions

Potential pathogens may colonize with the host's existing microbiota, remain transient, or become commensal. Pathogens may need to cross a host barrier (skin) and penetrate host defenses to cause disease.
Some pathogens don't need to penetrate cells or tissues to cause disease. e.g., cholera attaches to intestinal surfaces to produce toxins

Portal of Entry and Exit

Pathogens enter the body through various portals (i.e., wounds, respiratory system, mouth, eyes).
Pathogens leave the body through various portals (i.e., coughing, sneezing, in the urine & stool).

Nosocomial Infections

Infections that develop during a hospital stay. Three key elements: (1) Compromised host (hospital patients), (2) Source of hospital pathogens (other patients or staff), and (3) Chain of transmission (direct contact, shared equipment, poor hygiene).

Stages of Disease

Incubation period: Time from infection to the appearance of first symptoms.
Prodromal phase: A short period with mild signs and symptoms marking the early stages of the primary period of disease.
Acute period (Climax): The period of most intense symptoms.
Decline period: Symptoms start to diminish.
Convalescence period (Recovery period): Recovery from the infection, with symptoms disappearing.

Types of Disease

Local diseases: Affect a specific part of the body.
Systemic diseases: Spread throughout the body (e.g., septicemia)

Chronic disease

A disease that persists for a long time (e.g., years).

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Description

Test your knowledge on antiretroviral therapy (ART) and acute diseases. This quiz covers key aspects of ART administration, the characteristics of acute diseases, and the relationship between untreated HIV and AIDS. Enhance your understanding of these crucial medical topics.