HIV Antiretroviral Therapy Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NRTIs) is preferred for patients with underlying bone or kidney disease?

  • Zidovudine
  • Tenofovir Alafenamide (TAF) (correct)
  • Stavudine
  • Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate (TDF)

Which of the following is NOT a specific adverse effect of Efavirenz?

  • Hepatotoxicity (correct)
  • Headache
  • Sleep Disturbances
  • Fatigue

What is the primary mechanism of action of Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NNRTIs)?

  • They bind to the reverse transcriptase enzyme and prevent it from binding to the viral DNA.
  • They interfere with the integration of the viral DNA into the host cell's genome.
  • They bind to the reverse transcriptase enzyme near its catalytic site and denature it. (correct)
  • They inhibit the activity of the viral protease, preventing the formation of mature viral proteins.

Which of the following is a class adverse effect associated with HIV Protease Inhibitors?

<p>Rhabdomyolysis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a 2nd generation HIV Protease Inhibitor?

<p>Atazanavir (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary use of Lamivudine, Adefovir, and Tenofovir?

<p>Treatment of Hepatitis B infection (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a first generation Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor (NNRTI)?

<p>Rilpivirine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following adverse effects is commonly associated with Stavudine?

<p>Peripheral Neuropathy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following regimens is recommended for HIV post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) according to the WHO?

<p>Tenofovir/emtricitabine + lopinavir/ritonavir for 28 days (B), Tenofovir/emtricitabine + atazanavir/ritonavir for 28 days (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A pregnant woman is being treated with HAART. What antiretroviral drug should be avoided during pregnancy and why?

<p>Efavirenz (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended treatment regimen for a breastfeeding mother with HIV?

<p>Mother: continue HAART used before conception throughout pregnancy, breastfeeding and thereafter. Infant: nevirapine started within 6-72hrs of birth till one week after stoppage of breastfeeding (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a possible alternative to emtricitabine in all the mentioned treatment regimens?

<p>Lamivudine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT recommended for the prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) of HIV?

<p>Use of prophylactic antibiotics for the infant (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following medications is NOT included in any of the mentioned HIV treatment regimens?

<p>Saquinavir (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended duration of PEP after a potential HIV exposure?

<p>28 days (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most likely ethical issue related to Mr. Emeka's happiness after testing negative for HIV?

<p>He failed to inform his wife about the potential risk of exposure. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for recommending frequent HIV testing?

<p>Early detection can allow for early treatment, improving the likelihood of a longer and healthier life. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a factor affecting the cost of HIV treatment?

<p>The patient's willingness to accept treatment. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might severe diarrhea in an HIV-infected patient be particularly problematic?

<p>It can interfere with the absorption of crucial nutrients, weakening the immune system and further compromising the patient's health. (B), It can lead to dehydration and electrolyte imbalances, potentially exacerbating the patient's overall condition and making them more vulnerable to opportunistic infections. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a primary goal of antiretroviral therapy in an HIV-infected patient?

<p>To suppress the virus to undetectable levels, thereby preventing disease progression and reducing the risk of transmission. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of viral replication in DNA viruses?

<p>Viral RNA serves as its own mRNA. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are complete virions released from a host cell after viral replication in DNA viruses?

<p>By both budding and lysis. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the enzyme reverse transcriptase in retroviruses?

<p>Transcribing viral RNA into DNA. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of the integration of viral DNA into the host genome by retroviruses?

<p>The viral DNA can remain dormant and be replicated along with the host cell genome. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of intact skin in host defense against viral infections?

<p>Acting as a physical barrier to viral entry. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why can some viral diseases, like herpes labialis and varicella zoster, have a periodic nature?

<p>The viruses can remain dormant within host cells and be reactivated at later times. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common factor that can reactivate viral replication after a period of dormancy?

<p>Stress or illness (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do RNA viruses replicate their genetic material?

<p>Using their own RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following enzymes is responsible for converting large inactive proteins into smaller, active, functional proteins?

<p>Protease (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary target of NS5B inhibitors, such as sofosbuvir, in the treatment of Hepatitis C?

<p>Viral RNA polymerase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of retroviruses?

<p>They contain a DNA genome (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the gp120 protein on the surface of HIV?

<p>To bind to the CD4 receptor on the host cell (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the mechanism of action of a viricidal drug?

<p>Directly destroys the viral particles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a step in the HIV replication cycle?

<p>Transcription (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the CCR5 coreceptor in HIV infection?

<p>To provide an additional binding site on the host cell for the virus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following antiviral drugs is used to treat COVID-19?

<p>Remdesivir (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which antiviral agents like acyclovir, valaciclovir, and penciclovir inhibit viral replication?

<p>They interfere with viral DNA polymerase by competing with natural guanosine triphosphate for incorporation into the viral DNA chain. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following viral infections is Ribavirin commonly used to treat?

<p>Respiratory syncitial virus (RSV) infections (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between antiviral agents and viricides?

<p>Antiviral agents inhibit viral replication, while viricides directly destroy viral particles. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of antiviral agent targets viral neuraminidase?

<p>Viral Neuraminidase Inhibitors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which natural killer cells kill virus-infected cells?

<p>Natural killer cells release cytotoxic granules containing perforin and granzyme, which induce apoptosis in the target cells. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a viral DNA polymerase inhibitor used to treat cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections?

<p>Ganciclovir (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which T-lymphocytes kill virus-infected cells?

<p>T-lymphocytes release cytotoxic granules containing perforin and granzyme, which induce apoptosis in the target cells. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Viral Replication

The process by which viruses reproduce inside a host cell, involving entry, transcription, translation, assembly, and release.

DNA Viruses

Viruses that have DNA as their genetic material, and replicate by entering the host nucleus and using host's machinery.

RNA Viruses

Viruses that have RNA as their genetic material, synthesizing mRNA directly from their RNA template using specialized enzymes.

Reverse Transcriptase

An enzyme used by retroviruses to convert viral RNA into DNA, integrating into the host's genome.

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Provirus

The viral DNA that integrates into the host's genome after reverse transcription, allowing the virus to remain dormant.

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Dormancy in Viruses

The ability of some viruses to remain inactive within host cells, causing periodic outbreaks of disease.

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Antiviral Agents

Medications designed to treat viral infections by inhibiting the development and replication of viruses.

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Intact Skin as Defense

Skin that acts as a barrier, preventing most viruses from entering the body through wounds or insect bites.

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T-lymphocytes

Immune cells that kill viral-infected cells using MHC.

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Natural killer cells

Cells that kill viruses escaping T-lymphocyte effects.

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Gene silencing

Virus-induced shutting down of host gene expression.

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Antiviral drugs

Medications that inhibit the reproduction of viruses.

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Viral DNA Polymerase Inhibitors

Drugs that inhibit the enzyme needed for viral DNA synthesis.

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Acyclovir

A DNA polymerase inhibitor used for herpes infections.

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Ribavirin

An antiviral used for respiratory syncytial virus and hepatitis C.

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Mechanism of action of DNA inhibitors

Competes with natural guanosine for viral DNA incorporation.

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Sofosbuvir

An NS5B inhibitor used to treat Hepatitis C by blocking viral RNA synthesis.

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NS5B inhibitors

Class of antiviral drugs that inhibit the NS5B polymerase, crucial for viral replication in Hepatitis C.

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Antiretroviral agents

Drugs used to treat infections caused by retroviruses such as HIV.

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Retrovirus

An RNA virus that uses reverse transcriptase to copy its RNA into DNA.

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HIV structure

HIV consists of two RNA strands, viral enzymes, and a lipoprotein envelope.

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HIV Binding

First step in HIV replication where the virus attaches to CD4 cell receptors.

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HIV Fusion

Step where HIV membrane merges with CD4 cell, allowing entry into the cell.

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Ethical Blunder

Mr. Emeka's decision-making led to harm despite initial relief after testing negative for HIV.

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Importance of Regular HIV Testing

HIV tests should be regular to ensure ongoing awareness and early intervention in healthcare.

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Antiretroviral Therapy

Medication that helps manage HIV, preventing its progression and improving quality of life.

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Severe Diarrhoea Management

In HIV-infected patients, it involves rehydration and treating underlying infections.

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Tuberculosis Treatment in HIV

Utilizes specific antibiotics while considering HIV treatment interactions.

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Tenofovir + Emtricitabine + Efavirenz

A combination regimen used for HIV treatment.

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Mother to Child Transmission (MTCT)

Transmission of HIV from an infected mother to her baby during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding.

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Scheduled Caesarean Delivery

A surgical method to deliver a baby to reduce the risk of MTCT.

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HAART during Pregnancy

Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy used by HIV-positive pregnant women.

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Nevirapine for Infants

A medication given to infants born to HIV-positive mothers to prevent infection.

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Post Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP)

Prevention of HIV infection after potential exposure through antiretroviral drugs.

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Lamivudine Replacement

A drug that can replace emtricitabine in HIV regimens.

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WHO Recommendations for PEP

Guidelines for administering specific drug combinations for HIV PEP.

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Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NRTIs)

A class of antiretroviral drugs primarily used to treat HIV and hepatitis B.

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Class Adverse Effects of NRTIs

Common adverse effects include lactic acidosis due to mitochondrial toxicity.

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Zidovudine Adverse Effect

Zidovudine can cause anemia as a specific adverse effect.

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Protease Inhibitors

A class of HIV drugs that inhibit protease enzyme from processing viral proteins.

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Common Adverse Effects of Protease Inhibitors

Includes paraesthesia, rhabdomyolysis, myalgia, and hyperglycemia.

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Non-nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NNRTIs)

A class of HIV medications that inhibit reverse transcriptase differently than NRTIs.

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Efavirenz Adverse Effect

Efavirenz may cause CNS toxicity, including headaches, fatigue, and sleep disturbances.

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Tenofovir Comparison

Tenofovir alafenamide (TAF) is preferred for patients with bone or kidney disease over tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF).

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