Antiretroviral Therapy Quiz

<p>They replace nucleotides in viral DNA, leading to termination. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dolutegravir (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Two NRTIs plus an integrase inhibitor (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Their dosages require adjustment. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To prevent integration of provirus into host DNA. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They bind to a different part of reverse transcriptase. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rash and hepatotoxicity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It has less effect on lipid profiles. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To prevent high-level resistance due to low genetic barrier. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It acts as an inducer of drug metabolism. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Low genetic barrier to resistance is a concern. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>rilpivirine and tenofovir/emtricitabine. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They create a risk for potential drug-drug interactions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are obligate intracellular parasites. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To block viral entry into or exit from the host cell. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They may cause interference with the host cell's function. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acyclovir (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Absorption of nutrients from the host (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Envelope (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dual therapy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To protect the viral nucleic acid. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Competitive inhibition of HBV DNA polymerase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>HIV reverse transcriptase inhibitors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Eliminate the hepatitis virus from the body (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ganciclovir (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sofosbuvir (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Atazanavir (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To increase serum concentrations and half-lives of other PIs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Darunavir/cobicistat (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cleavage of polyproteins to produce mature viral proteins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Maraviroc (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cardiovascular effects (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tropism testing (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are active against both HIV and HCV. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prevents conformational changes required for fusion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Entry inhibitor; hepatotoxicity warning (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dolutegravir (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It aids in the transfer of viral DNA to the host cell's genome (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Influenza A (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Resistance to Adamantines is now common among mutants (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Elvitegravir, Emtricitabine, Tenofovir alafenamide, Cobicistat (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Core proteins, species of origin, and geographic site of isolation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A type of virus that causes various infections, including cold sores, chickenpox, and shingles.

An antiviral drug used to treat herpes simplex virus (HSV) and varicella-zoster virus (VZV) infections.

A drug that is converted into an active form inside the body, making it more effective for treatment.

The ability of a drug to target specific cells or organisms while minimizing harmful effects on other cells.

An inflammation of the mouth caused by the herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1).

An infection caused by the herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2).

An antiviral drug that is a derivative of acyclovir.

An antiviral drug used to treat cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections.

A viral enzyme that converts the retroviral RNA genome into a double-stranded DNA copy called the provirus, which then integrates into the host cell's DNA.

Double-stranded DNA copy of the retroviral RNA genome integrated into the host cell's DNA, allowing for persistent infection.

The class of antiretroviral drugs that block the activity of reverse transcriptase, inhibiting the conversion of viral RNA into DNA.

Antiretroviral drugs that bind to and block the active site of reverse transcriptase, preventing it from working.

A combination of two NRTIs, often forming the core of many HIV treatment regimens.

A common combination of medications used to treat HIV infection, containing two NRTIs (tenofovir alafenamide and emtricitabine) and one INSTI (dolutegravir).

Antiretroviral drugs that block the action of reverse transcriptase by taking the place of nucleotides during DNA synthesis, resulting in premature termination of the viral DNA chain.

Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) are a class of antiviral drugs that work by binding to a different part of the reverse transcriptase enzyme, changing its shape and preventing it from creating viral DNA.

NNRTIs are typically used in combination with other antiretroviral drugs, like nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), to treat HIV infection.

Commonly used NNRTIs include efavirenz, etravirine, rilpivirine, and nevirapine.

A key limitation of NNRTIs is that they have a low genetic barrier to resistance. This means that a single change in the virus's DNA can make the virus resistant to the entire drug class.

NNRTIs can cause various adverse effects, including metabolic changes like fat redistribution, hyperlipidemia, CNS effects (like dizziness, drowsiness, or vivid dreams), rashes, and hepatotoxicity.

NNRTIs can interact with other medications, affecting their metabolism. Efavirenz, etravirine, and nevirapine can alter metabolism, while rilpivirine generally doesn't.

Combination regimens with protease inhibitors were a major breakthrough in HIV treatment, leading to the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). This revolutionized the way HIV was managed, resulting in significant improvements in the lifespan of people living with HIV.

Protease inhibitors are a class of antiviral drugs commonly used in combination therapy for HIV infection.

Adefovir Dipivoxil is a prodrug that gets converted into its active form, adefovir, inside the body. This active form then targets the DNA polymerase of the hepatitis B virus (HBV), inhibiting its activity and eventually stopping viral replication.

Direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) are medications specifically designed to target and inhibit various proteins crucial for the replication of the hepatitis C virus (HCV). These medications aim to eradicate the virus from the body and are considered the primary treatment strategy.

There are four primary classes of DAAs: Nonstructural protein (NS) 3/4A protease inhibitors, NS5B nucleoside polymerase inhibitors, NS5B non-nucleoside polymerase inhibitors, and NS5A inhibitors. Each class targets different proteins critical for the HCV replication process.

CMV retinitis is a serious eye infection caused by the cytomegalovirus (CMV). It can lead to vision loss if not treated promptly. Ganciclovir is the most effective medication for treating CMV retinitis.

Peg-interferon alpha-2a (Peginterferon), Peg-interferon alpha-2b (Peginterferon), and Ribavirin are the primary medications used to treat chronic hepatitis C. They work by inhibiting viral replication and enhancing the immune response against the virus.

Protease inhibitors (PIs) are drugs that block the HIV protease enzyme, preventing it from cleaving viral polyproteins into mature proteins needed for the virus to replicate.

Most PIs require boosting with another drug to increase their effectiveness and duration in the body. Ritonavir and cobicistat are commonly used boosters.

Atazanavir is the only PI that can be used without boosting, however, this is only recommended for certain patients.

Darunavir/cobicistat (DRV/c, Prezcobix), Atazanavir/cobicistat (ATV/c, evotaz), and Lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r, Kaletra) are commonly used boosted PI combinations.

Maraviroc (MVC) is an entry inhibitor that blocks HIV from entering cells by binding to CCR5, a receptor on the cell surface that HIV uses to get inside.

Enfuvirtide (T20) is a fusion inhibitor that prevents HIV from fusing with the host cell membrane, preventing viral entry.

Tropism testing is recommended before starting maraviroc treatment to determine if the infecting HIV strain uses CCR5 as its main entry receptor.

Entry and fusion inhibitors are distinct types of antiretroviral drugs that target the early stages of HIV infection, preventing the virus from entering and infecting cells.

A type of antiretroviral drug that blocks HIV entry into human cells by targeting the viral protein gp41, preventing conformational changes required for fusion.

A test that determines the tropism of a virus, especially HIV, to specific cell types.

A type of antiretroviral drug that targets HIV integrase, an enzyme responsible for integrating the viral DNA into the host cell's genome.

An antiretroviral drug combination consisting of Elvitegravir, Cobicistat, Emtricitabine, and Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate.

An antiretroviral drug combination consisting of Elvitegravir, Cobicistat, Emtricitabine, and Tenofovir alafenamide.

An antiretroviral drug combination consisting of Dolutegravir, Abacavir, and Lamivudine.

A class of antiviral drugs that inhibit neuraminidase, an enzyme crucial for the release of new influenza viruses from infected cells.

Antiviral drugs that block the uncoating process of the influenza A virus, preventing its replication.