Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which organ is primarily responsible for metabolizing drugs?
Which organ is primarily responsible for metabolizing drugs?
What is the purpose of a loading dose in medication administration?
What is the purpose of a loading dose in medication administration?
What is the primary goal of pharmacotherapy in treating rheumatoid arthritis (RA)?
What is the primary goal of pharmacotherapy in treating rheumatoid arthritis (RA)?
Which medication is commonly used for treating acute flare-ups of rheumatoid arthritis?
Which medication is commonly used for treating acute flare-ups of rheumatoid arthritis?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the mechanism of action for DMARD medications like Methotrexate in treating rheumatoid arthritis?
What is the mechanism of action for DMARD medications like Methotrexate in treating rheumatoid arthritis?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the significance of using DMARDs early in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis?
What is the significance of using DMARDs early in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following statements about NSAIDs like Ibuprofen is true?
Which of the following statements about NSAIDs like Ibuprofen is true?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following conditions is a common symptom of rheumatoid arthritis?
Which of the following conditions is a common symptom of rheumatoid arthritis?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary role of calcitonin salmon in osteoporosis treatment?
What is the primary role of calcitonin salmon in osteoporosis treatment?
Signup and view all the answers
Which statement about the use of succinylcholine is true?
Which statement about the use of succinylcholine is true?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is a potential side effect of baclofen?
Which of the following is a potential side effect of baclofen?
Signup and view all the answers
What role does adequate vitamin D and calcium intake play in postmenopausal women?
What role does adequate vitamin D and calcium intake play in postmenopausal women?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is true of dantrolene's use?
Which of the following is true of dantrolene's use?
Signup and view all the answers
Why is calcitonin salmon considered a second-line treatment for osteoporosis?
Why is calcitonin salmon considered a second-line treatment for osteoporosis?
Signup and view all the answers
What immediate action is recommended when administering succinylcholine?
What immediate action is recommended when administering succinylcholine?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT a contraindication for using baclofen?
Which of the following is NOT a contraindication for using baclofen?
Signup and view all the answers
What does an agonist drug do?
What does an agonist drug do?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following best describes the action of Tamsulosin (Flomax)?
Which of the following best describes the action of Tamsulosin (Flomax)?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary mechanism of action of PPIs like omeprazole?
What is the primary mechanism of action of PPIs like omeprazole?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary use for PPI medications?
What is the primary use for PPI medications?
Signup and view all the answers
Which medication is known for its potential to cause hypermagnesemia?
Which medication is known for its potential to cause hypermagnesemia?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the role of anticholinergics in urinary incontinence management?
What is the role of anticholinergics in urinary incontinence management?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the function of H2 receptor blockers like ranitidine?
What is the function of H2 receptor blockers like ranitidine?
Signup and view all the answers
In pharmacokinetics, what does 'bioavailability' refer to?
In pharmacokinetics, what does 'bioavailability' refer to?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the effect of mixing PPIs with medications reliant on low gastric pH for absorption?
What is the effect of mixing PPIs with medications reliant on low gastric pH for absorption?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following conditions could indicate the use of methotrexate?
Which of the following conditions could indicate the use of methotrexate?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the role of alendronate in osteoporosis management?
What is the role of alendronate in osteoporosis management?
Signup and view all the answers
For which condition would colchicine be primarily indicated?
For which condition would colchicine be primarily indicated?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main consideration when initiating a drug with a short half-life?
What is the main consideration when initiating a drug with a short half-life?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a common adverse effect of long-term antacid use?
What is a common adverse effect of long-term antacid use?
Signup and view all the answers
Which side effect is not commonly associated with the use of Methotrexate?
Which side effect is not commonly associated with the use of Methotrexate?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary therapeutic action of Allopurinol?
What is the primary therapeutic action of Allopurinol?
Signup and view all the answers
What laboratory tests should be monitored periodically for a patient on Colchicine?
What laboratory tests should be monitored periodically for a patient on Colchicine?
Signup and view all the answers
Which statement about Baclofen is true?
Which statement about Baclofen is true?
Signup and view all the answers
Which medication is preferred for acute gouty arthritis pain relief?
Which medication is preferred for acute gouty arthritis pain relief?
Signup and view all the answers
What is an important nursing intervention when administering Methotrexate?
What is an important nursing intervention when administering Methotrexate?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following can increase the risk of adverse effects for patients on Allopurinol?
Which of the following can increase the risk of adverse effects for patients on Allopurinol?
Signup and view all the answers
Regarding the mechanism of action of ACE inhibitors like Lisinopril, they primarily block which process?
Regarding the mechanism of action of ACE inhibitors like Lisinopril, they primarily block which process?
Signup and view all the answers
What class of drug is Tamsulosin and for what condition is it primarily indicated?
What class of drug is Tamsulosin and for what condition is it primarily indicated?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following side effects is associated with the use of Colchicine?
Which of the following side effects is associated with the use of Colchicine?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a key characteristic of bulk-forming laxatives like Metamucil?
What is a key characteristic of bulk-forming laxatives like Metamucil?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary concern when prescribing a stool softener or surfactant?
What is the primary concern when prescribing a stool softener or surfactant?
Signup and view all the answers
Which option correctly describes the evaluation outcomes for therapy with Allopurinol?
Which option correctly describes the evaluation outcomes for therapy with Allopurinol?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary indication for methotrexate use?
What is the primary indication for methotrexate use?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following medications is typically used for short-term treatment of acute gout flare-ups?
Which of the following medications is typically used for short-term treatment of acute gout flare-ups?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a common adverse effect associated with colchicine?
What is a common adverse effect associated with colchicine?
Signup and view all the answers
What should be monitored when a patient is on allopurinol?
What should be monitored when a patient is on allopurinol?
Signup and view all the answers
Which class of medications is first choice for treating peptic ulcer disease?
Which class of medications is first choice for treating peptic ulcer disease?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the mechanism of action for methotrexate?
What is the mechanism of action for methotrexate?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is a side effect of calcium carbonate?
Which of the following is a side effect of calcium carbonate?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the recommended action for patients taking alendronate?
What is the recommended action for patients taking alendronate?
Signup and view all the answers
Which medication is used as an anticholinergic for treating urinary incontinence?
Which medication is used as an anticholinergic for treating urinary incontinence?
Signup and view all the answers
Which medication should be avoided in patients with renal compromise?
Which medication should be avoided in patients with renal compromise?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a primary action of H2 receptor blockers like ranitidine and famotidine?
What is a primary action of H2 receptor blockers like ranitidine and famotidine?
Signup and view all the answers
What potential risk is associated with the use of DMARDs such as methotrexate?
What potential risk is associated with the use of DMARDs such as methotrexate?
Signup and view all the answers
In patients taking tamsulosin, what symptom might indicate a side effect?
In patients taking tamsulosin, what symptom might indicate a side effect?
Signup and view all the answers
What should be avoided when a patient is on allopurinol?
What should be avoided when a patient is on allopurinol?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Introduction to Pharmacology
- Exam is 30 questions, one hour long, from 8am-9am, with class resuming at 9:15am.
- Topics include introduction to pharmacology, mobility, and elimination.
- Exam dishonesty will be handled per college policy.
- Study material includes associated textbook chapters, teaching notes, and relevant literature.
- Topics needing further review are highlighted in orange and need to be completed tonight.
Kidney and Liver Function in Drug Metabolism and Excretion
- Liver metabolizes drugs.
- Kidney excretes drugs.
First Dose Administration
- Loading dose is initially higher, then tapers, to achieve a rapid and maximal effect.
- First-dose administration requires monitoring of side effects, including allergic reactions, for 15-30 minutes.
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)
- Symptoms include bilateral pain, chronic autoimmune inflammatory disorder, progressive disfigurement/inflammation of joints, and potential systemic effects (infections, pulmonary issues, pericarditis).
- Pharmacotherapy goals: control inflammation, reduce pain, and minimize disability.
- Initial treatment: NSAIDs (e.g., ibuprofen) relieve pain and inflammation but have little effect on disease progression.
- Tylenol treats pain, not inflammation.
- Corticosteroids (e.g., prednisone) treat RA flares but not for long-term use due to potential complications (infections, osteoporosis, poor wound healing).
- Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) are crucial for long-term treatment and disease progression prevention (e.g., methotrexate, prednisone).
- DMARDs function by modifying immune and inflammatory responses, improving symptoms, reducing mortality, and enhancing quality of life.
Methotrexate
- Therapeutic classifications: antineoplastic, antirheumatic (DMARD), immunosuppressant.
- Pharmacologic classification: antimetabolite.
- First-line treatment for RA, acting quickly and slowing disease progression by influencing cellular replication.
- Mechanism of action: interferes with folic acid metabolism, has immunosuppressive activities, and causes death of quickly replicating cells (like cancer cells).
- Potential side effects/adverse reactions: blurred vision, seizures, thrombocytopenia, paralysis, renal failure, bone marrow suppression.
Nursing Implications for Methotrexate
- Assessment: pain levels, range of motion (ROM), and activities of daily living (ADLs) before administration and periodically during treatment.
- Monitor: vital signs, pain, ROM, ADLs.
- Interventions: watch for tachycardia, hypotension, dizziness, monitor for lung problems (dry cough), and assess for blood disorders (anemia), infections, and kidney/liver issues.
- Monitor: complete blood count (CBC), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, uric acid, liver function tests, urine pH, and methotrexate serum levels.
- Interventions: watch for skin rashes, monitor for Stevens-Johnson syndrome (stop med if fever, fatigue, blistering appear), monitor vision changes, and advise about avoiding falls.
- Evaluate effectiveness: improved mobility, reduced pain/swelling.
Alendronate (Fosamax)
- Used for osteoporosis.
Gout
- Gout is a connective tissue disorder causing inflammation due to uric acid crystal buildup in joints.
- Acute gouty arthritis: marked by redness, inflammation, and extreme pain.
- Preferred treatment classification: NSAIDs.
- Antigout medications (used in treating gout): Colchicine (acute flare-ups), and Allopurinol (long-term).
- Colchicine: First line drugs for acute flare-ups.
- Allopurinol: Used to prevent future flare-ups.
- Allopurinol is an older drug and needs to be taken in conjunction with Colchicine or NSAIDs for acute gout flare-ups.
Allopurinol
- Therapeutic: antigout agent.
- Pharmacologic: xanthine oxidase inhibitor.
- Indication: preventing gout attacks.
- Mechanism of action: inhibits uric acid production by affecting xanthine oxidase.
- Side effects/Adverse reactions: drowsiness, hypotension, diarrhea, rash.
- Lab Tests: Monitor serum and urine uric acid levels.
- Patient teaching: increase fluid intake, limit alcohol, and avoid high doses of vitamin C.
Baclofen
- Muscle relaxant, antispasmodic.
- Reduces spasms in various conditions (e.g., multiple sclerosis [MS], spinal cord injury, cerebral palsy).
- Treats urinary urgency/retention.
Anticholinergics in Incontinence Management
- Oxybutynin, tolterodine, trospium treat overactive bladders.
- Bethanechol treats urinary retention.
- Tamsulosin (Flomax): blocks alpha-1 adrenoreceptors - used to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).
- Lomotil (diphenoxylate/atropine): Opioid anti-diarrheal, controlled substance. Slows peristalsis.
- PPIs: First line drugs used for GERD and ulcers. Common examples include omeprazole and pantoprazole, taken on an empty stomach and watch for medications needing low pH levels to work properly.
- Antacids/Tums: treat acid reflux; watch out for hypermagnesemia, especially in CKD patients.
Bowel Management Drugs
- Osmotic laxatives (Miralax): draw water into stool.
- Bulk-forming laxatives (Metamucil): increase stool bulk.
- Stimulant laxatives (Bisacodyl, Senna): stimulate bowel movements.
Pharmacodynamics of ACE Inhibitors
- Pharmacodynamics: how a drug interacts with its receptor.
- ACE inhibitors (e.g., lisinopril): block the action of angiotensin-converting enzyme; used in treating hypertension, lowering blood pressure, and causing vasodilation.
FDA Role
- Regulates drug approval, use, labeling, and withdrawal.
Medication Errors
- Steps for addressing medication errors: assess patients, inform providers, complete error reports.
Medication Order Components
- Include patient name, route, dosage, timing, duration, and stop date. Avoid abbreviations and follow proper documentation standards.
Agonist vs. Antagonist Drugs
- Agonists activate receptors.
- Antagonists block receptors.
Extra Information (Potential Exam Questions):
- Loading dose initially high/tapers off.
- Mechanism of action and indications for use.
- Pharmacokinetics (ADME): Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion
- Half-life: time for half of the drug to be eliminated.
- Fastest medication route: intravenous (IV).
- Liver's role in metabolism.
- Bioavailability: drug reaching target cells and producing an effect.
- Kidney's role in excretion.
- Give more of a drug with a shorter half-life, and less of one with a longer half-life.
- Drug classification and descriptions.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
Test your knowledge on pharmacology with a focus on drug metabolism, the role of DMARDs in rheumatoid arthritis, and medication purposes like loading doses. This quiz covers key concepts in the treatment of conditions such as RA and osteoporosis.
