Cumulative Drug Questions
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Questions and Answers

Which drug class is most likely to impair coordination and balance by affecting cerebellar function?

  • Stimulants
  • Hallucinogens
  • Sedatives (correct)
  • Opiates

    • Which brain structure primarily regulates sleep-wake transitions and alertness?

  • Thalamus
  • Cerebellum
  • Hypothalamus
  • Reticular Formation (correct)

    • What type of drug is most associated with increasing activity in the Reticular Activating System, enhancing alertness?

  • Depressants
  • Stimulants (correct)
  • Opiates
  • Antidepressants

    • Which of the following is a potential effect of opioids on the brain's medullary function?

    <p>Decreased respiration rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which absorption method is most effective when oral intake is not possible due to a patient's unconscious state?

    <p>Intrarectal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following drugs is classified as a CNS stimulant?

    <p>Cocaine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary neurotransmitter affected by SSRIs such as Fluoxetine?

    <p>Serotonin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug is commonly used as an antimanic treatment for bipolar disorder?

    <p>Lithium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism describes how cocaine exerts its effects in the CNS?

    <p>Inhibition of neurotransmitter reuptake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Among the following, which drug is primarily classified as a CNS depressant used for treating anxiety?

    <p>Valium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the therapeutic use of methylphenidate, commonly known as Ritalin?

    <p>To treat ADHD</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common side effect associated with the use of barbiturates?

    <p>Drowsiness and sedation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of antidepressants works by inhibiting the breakdown of neurotransmitters?

    <p>MAOIs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with the mesotelencephalic dopamine pathway?

    <p>Dopamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of cocaine in the central nervous system?

    <p>Inhibits reuptake of dopamine and norepinephrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug is primarily responsible for creating the metabolite cocaethylene when interacting with alcohol?

    <p>Cocaine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a reported psychological effect of cocaine use?

    <p>Enhanced empathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug class does cocaine belong to?

    <p>CNS Stimulants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate duration of action for cocaine when administered intravenously?

    <p>15 minutes to 3.5 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following effects is specifically associated with increased use of amphetamines compared to cocaine?

    <p>Longer-lasting effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of physiological effects, what does cocaine primarily activate?

    <p>Sympathetic nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common adverse effect associated with cocaine use while driving?

    <p>Aggressive driving</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the half-life of cocaine when taken orally?

    <p>1 hour</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is primarily affected by the reuptake blocking action of amphetamines?

    <p>Norepinephrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between psychological dependence and physical dependence?

    <p>Psychological dependence involves emotional cravings for the drug.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes the mechanism of action of amphetamines?

    <p>They block the reuptake of neurotransmitters.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can withdrawal symptoms from cocaine include?

    <p>Vivid and unpleasant dreams</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the 3 C's associated with addiction?

    <p>Compulsion, loss of control, and continued use despite consequences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain is primarily affected by amphetamines when they increase dopamine levels?

    <p>Frontal cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom of amphetamine withdrawal?

    <p>Cognitive impairment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The term 'specific tolerance' relates to which of the following?

    <p>Reduced effect of a drug on a particular receptor or system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the primary features of addiction?

    <p>Compulsion to use the drug</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action for cocaine in the brain?

    <p>Prevention of neurotransmitter reuptake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following effects is most commonly associated with amphetamines?

    <p>Euphoria and increased self-esteem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which metabolite is a behaviorally active component of amphetamines and can be detected for days after use?

    <p>Methamphetamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is NOT typically increased in the synaptic cleft due to cocaine's action?

    <p>Acetylcholine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological response is primarily triggered by amphetamines?

    <p>Increased heart rate and respiratory rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which effect is typically NOT experienced with methamphetamine use?

    <p>Severe sedation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug's mechanism includes binding to transporter sites on neurons to prevent neurotransmitter reuptake?

    <p>Cocaine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated half-life of L-amphetamine?

    <p>11-14 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the psychological effects associated with amphetamine use?

    <p>Enhanced self-esteem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which brain structure is primarily responsible for regulating vital autonomic functions that can be affected by depressants?

    <p>Medulla</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of drugs is most likely to enhance alertness by increasing activity in the Reticular Activating System?

    <p>Stimulants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism is primarily associated with the action of amphetamines in the central nervous system?

    <p>Blocking dopamine reuptake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following neurotransmitters is most likely to be impacted by cocaine's mechanism of action?

    <p>Dopamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which absorption method is noted for potential irritation to membranes while being useful when oral intake is not feasible?

    <p>Intrarectal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the psychological dependence on a drug?

    <p>The experience of cravings and a mental need for the drug</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is primarily prevented from reabsorbing by the action of amphetamines?

    <p>Serotonin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is NOT typically associated with withdrawal from amphetamines?

    <p>Shaking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mechanism do amphetamines use to enhance neurotransmitter levels in the synapse?

    <p>Competitive reuptake inhibition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common withdrawal symptom experienced shortly after stopping cocaine use?

    <p>Vivid and unpleasant dreams</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures is primarily affected by amphetamines due to their action on dopamine levels?

    <p>Nucleus accumbens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is NOT a characteristic feature of addiction?

    <p>Physical withdrawal only</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these drugs acts primarily as a reuptake blocker for serotonin?

    <p>Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one noted effect of repeated cocaine use on the body?

    <p>Reduction in dopamine receptor sensitivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When discussing drug tolerance, what does 'specific tolerance' refer to?

    <p>Reduced effect on a specific receptor or system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a CNS stimulant that enhances focus and is commonly prescribed for ADHD?

    <p>Amphetamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug mechanism involves the reuptake inhibition of dopamine, leading to increased euphoria?

    <p>Cocaine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following drugs is primarily classified as an opioid?

    <p>Oxycodone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which area of the brain is primarily stimulated by amphetamines to enhance mood and cognitive effects?

    <p>Nucleus Accumbens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the influence of ecstasy on neurotransmitters?

    <p>Increases serotonin and dopamine release</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antidepressant-type medication is known for requiring dietary restrictions due to potential interactions?

    <p>Phenelzine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements best illustrates tolerance in drug use?

    <p>Reduced effect of the same dose of a drug over time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following effects is rarely associated with the chronic use of barbiturates?

    <p>Increased alertness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following brain structures is primarily involved in the mesotelencephalic dopamine pathway?

    <p>Nucleus accumbens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which cocaine exerts its effects in the central nervous system?

    <p>Inhibition of dopamine and norepinephrine reuptake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug is known to metabolically interact with alcohol, leading to the production of a potentially more harmful metabolite?

    <p>Cocaine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes a common physiological effect of cocaine?

    <p>Elevated blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the duration of effects between cocaine and amphetamines?

    <p>Cocaine effects are significantly shorter than amphetamines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which psychological effect is most typically associated with cocaine use?

    <p>Feelings of invincibility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following drugs primarily prevents the reuptake of neurotransmitters while also enhancing their release?

    <p>Amphetamines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical half-life of cocaine when taken intravenously?

    <p>15 minutes to 3.5 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following behavioral effects may occur as a result of cocaine use while driving?

    <p>Hallucinations and paranoia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which psychological effect differentiates amphetamines from cocaine?

    <p>Increased talkativeness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug has the longest half-life among the following options?

    <p>L-amphetamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological effect is primarily attributed to amphetamines?

    <p>Increased heart rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is NOT typically blocked by cocaine's reuptake inhibition?

    <p>GABA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one potential psychological effect of methamphetamine use?

    <p>Increased feelings of invincibility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism best describes how cocaine exerts its effects on the brain?

    <p>It blocks reuptake of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true about the effects of prolonged amphetamine use?

    <p>It leads to feelings of euphoria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which action is primarily facilitated by competitive reuptake inhibitors like cocaine?

    <p>They prevent neurotransmitters from being reabsorbed into neurons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common acute physiological effect of amphetamines?

    <p>Elevated blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug acts as a competitive reuptake inhibitor affecting dopamine transporters?

    <p>Cocaine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long can behaviorally active metabolites of amphetamines be detected after use?

    <p>2–3 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cumulative Questions

    • Various chapters in the text
    • Drug class names
    • Definitions of dependence, tolerance, potency, therapeutic index, agonist, and antagonist
    • Mechanisms of dependence and tolerance
    • CNS stimulant identification within a list of other drugs
    • Features of different administration methods
    • Drug site of action in the brain
    • General mechanisms of drug action
    • General effects of cocaine, amphetamine, and ecstasy

    Schedules of Controlled Substances

    • Schedule I: Most dangerous substances with high potential for abuse and addiction (e.g., heroin, morphine, cocaine, methamphetamine)
    • Schedule II: Moderate to low potential for abuse, often prescription drugs (e.g., LSD, psilocybin, some barbiturates, or synthetic cannabinoids currently and previously)
    • Schedule III: Prescription drugs with therapeutic use potential for abuse (low potential compared to Schedule II drugs)
    • Schedule IV: Low potential for abuse compared to Schedule III drugs (e.g., benzodiazepines, some other prescription meds)
    • Schedule V: Lower potential for abuse compared to Schedule IV drugs (e.g., some codeine-containing medications).
    • Schedule VI & VII: Chemicals and precursors used in production of controlled substances or cannabis-related controlled substances
    • Schedule VIII: Lower cannabis quantities for lesser penalties (now obsolete)
    • Schedule IX: Devices used in production or administration of controlled substances

    CNS Stimulants

    • Drugs that increase brain and spinal cord activity, enhancing alertness and energy (e.g., caffeine, amphetamines, cocaine, methylphenidate).
    • Caffeine: Increases alertness, reduces fatigue.
    • Amphetamines (e.g., Adderall): Treat ADHD, improve focus.
    • Cocaine: Illicit, boosts dopamine for euphoria.
    • Methylphenidate (Ritalin): Treats ADHD, enhances attention.

    CNS Depressants

    • Drugs that slow down brain and spinal cord activity, inducing relaxation, sedation, or sleep (e.g., benzodiazepines, barbiturates, alcohol, Z-drugs).
    • Benzodiazepines (e.g., Valium): Treat anxiety, promote calmness.
    • Barbiturates (e.g., Phenobarbital): Used for seizures.
    • Alcohol: Common depressant that impairs coordination and judgment.
    • Z-drugs (e.g., Zolpidem): Treat insomnia by promoting sleep.

    Antidepressants

    • Drugs used to treat depression by balancing brain chemicals (neurotransmitters like serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine) (e.g., SSRIs, SNRIs, tricyclic antidepressants, MAOIs).
    • SSRIs (e.g., Fluoxetine): Increase serotonin levels.
    • SNRIs (e.g., Venlafaxine): Increase both serotonin and norepinephrine.
    • Tricyclic antidepressants (e.g., Amitriptyline): Affect multiple neurotransmitters.
    • MAOIs (e.g., Phenelzine): Inhibit neurotransmitter breakdown, requiring dietary restrictions.

    Antimanic Drugs

    • Drugs used to stabilize mood, primarily in the treatment of bipolar disorder, reducing mania and preventing mood swings (e.g., lithium, anticonvulsants).
    • Lithium: The most common and effective treatment for mania.
    • Anticonvulsants (e.g., Valproate): Used to stabilize mood by calming brain activity.
    • Atypical Antipsychotics (e.g., Olanzapine): Treat acute mania and prevent mood fluctuations.

    Barbiturates

    • Central Nervous System (CNS) depressants (e.g., phenobarbital, thiopental).
    • Long-acting: Seizure control (e.g., Phenobarbital).
    • Short-acting: Anesthesia or sedation (e.g., Thiopental).
    • Intermediate-acting: Previously used for anxiety or sleep (e.g., Amobarbital).

    Benzodiazepines

    • CNS depressants used to treat anxiety, insomnia, seizures, and muscle spasms (e.g., alprazolam, lorazepam, diazepam).
    • Short-acting: Sleep and acute anxiety (e.g., Alprazolam).
    • Intermediate-acting: Anxiety disorders (e.g., Lorazepam).
    • Long-acting: Chronic anxiety and seizure disorders (e.g., Diazepam).

    Antipsychotics

    • Drugs used for managing psychosis (e.g., schizophrenia, bipolar disorder) by altering dopamine levels in the brain.
    • Typical (First-generation): Primarily block dopamine receptors (e.g., Haloperidol) used to treat schizophrenia and acute psychosis.
    • Atypical (Second-generation): Affect both dopamine and serotonin receptors, with fewer movement-related side effects (e.g., Risperidone, Clozapine).

    Psychedelics

    • Substances that alter perception, mood, and cognitive processes, often causing hallucinations (e.g., LSD, psilocybin, MDMA, DMT).
    • LSD (Lysergic acid diethylamide).
    • Psilocybin (Magic Mushrooms).
    • MDMA (Ecstasy).
    • DMT (Dimethyltryptamine).

    Neurotransmitters

    • Chemical messengers in the brain; their actions impact mood, behavior, and other functions. Includes: Acetylcholine, Norepinephrine, Serotonin, Endocannabinoids, Dopamine, GABA, Glutamate, Neuropeptides (Endorphins, Enkephalins, Dynorphins).

    Enzymes

    • Enzymes involved in breaking down neurotransmitters. Includes: Monoamine oxidase (MAO), Acetylcholinesterase (ACHE), Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT).

    Agonists and antagonists

    • Agonists mimic or enhance neurotransmitter effects; antagonists block or reduce effects.

    Tolerance

    • Occurs with repeated drug use, leading to decreased effectiveness and/or a need for higher dosages to achieve the same effects. Factors include pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic interactions.

    Psychological dependence

    • Experiencing a cluster of unpleasant physical and psychological effects upon termination of drug use.

    Cross-tolerance

    • Tolerance to one drug diminishes the effect of another drug of a similar class.

    Acute Tolerance

    • Tolerance developed during a single drug administration.

    Behavioral tolerance

    • Decreasing effects of a drug due to experience.

    Dependence

    • Compulsive drug use despite negative consequences; characterized by tolerance, psychological, and physical dependency.

    Addiction

    • Characterized by tolerance, psychological and physical dependency, and organ changes (compulsion, loss of control, and continued use).

    Withdrawal

    • Physical and psychological symptoms upon cessation. Often serious in medically significant situations.

    MDMA

    • MDMA affects serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine systems, creating feelings of euphoria, empathy, and sensory enhancement.

    Cocaine

    • Cocaine blocks the reuptake of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin, leading to increased levels in the synapse.

    Amphetamines

    • Amphetamines increase neurotransmitter release and block reuptake, leading to elevated levels in the synapse.

    General Routes of Administration

    • Oral, Intranasal, Intravenous, Smoked/Inhalation.

    Brain Interaction

    • Specific regions of the brain (pons, medulla, cerebellum, thalamus, hypothalamus, hippocampus, midbrain, Periaqueductal gray area) are affected by different classes of drugs. These structures play a role in fundamental functions like regulating sleep and arousal to more specific functions including memory or reward systems.

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    Cumulative Questions_ Drugs PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on pharmacology related to the central nervous system (CNS). This quiz includes questions about drug classes, brain structures, neurotransmitters, and their effects on coordination, sleep, and alertness. Determine your understanding of the therapeutic uses and mechanisms of action of various drugs.

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