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Questions and Answers
Which is a significant pharmacokinetic feature of α-adrenergic antagonists?
What is a main adverse effect of β-adrenergic antagonists?
What is a main contraindication of α-adrenergic antagonists?
Which best describes the mechanism of action of indirect-acting antiadrenergic drugs?
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Which beta-blocker can be administered orally or intravenously for hypertension, angina, and acute myocardial infarction?
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Which beta-blocker is the shortest-acting and is administered intravenously to treat acute supraventricular tachycardia?
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Which beta-blocker has lower lipid solubility, less CNS entry, and is excreted unchanged in the urine?
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Which beta-blocker is well absorbed after oral administration and undergoes extensive first-pass metabolism?
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Which beta-blocker can be used in hypertensive emergencies and causes peripheral vasodilation without altering serum lipid and glucose levels?
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Which beta-blocker is used for performance anxiety, essential tremors, and glaucoma?
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Which beta-blocker is contraindicated in asthma, COPD, diabetes, Raynaud’s disease, and Prinzmetal angina?
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Which beta-blocker is a beta1-selective antagonist?
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Which beta-blocker is a beta-blocker with partial agonist activity?
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Which beta-blocker can be administered intravenously for hypertension, angina, and acute myocardial infarction?
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Which beta-blocker is an alpha and beta blocker that causes peripheral vasodilation without altering serum lipid and glucose levels?
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Which beta-blocker is used for migraine and hyperthyroidism?
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Which of the following is a general effect of α blockade?
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What is the mechanism of action of Phenoxybenzamine in Pheochromocytoma?
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What is the consequence of Dale’s vasomotor reversal?
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Which condition are α1-selective blockers like Prazosin used for?
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What are the adverse effects of α blockers?
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What is the clinical use of Yohimbine?
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What is the clinical use of Mirtazapine?
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What is the main adverse effect of α1 blockers?
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What is the clinical use of α blockers in hospitals?
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Which drug causes epinephrine reversal and reflex tachycardia?
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What is the effect of α blockade on trigone & sphincter muscles?
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What is the clinical use of α blockers in the treatment of pheochromocytoma?
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Study Notes
Pharmacological Actions and Therapeutic Uses of Propranolol and Other Beta-blockers
- Propranolol is well absorbed after oral administration and undergoes extensive first-pass metabolism.
- It has pharmacological actions on the cardiovascular system, kidney, respiratory tract, eyes, CNS, skeletal muscle, and metabolic effects.
- Propranolol is used for hypertension, angina, myocardial infarction, cardiac arrhythmias, migraine, hyperthyroidism, pheochromocytoma, performance anxiety, essential tremors, and glaucoma.
- Adverse effects of Propranolol include CVS effects, respiratory complications, metabolic effects, and other adverse effects.
- Contraindications for Propranolol include asthma, COPD, diabetes, Raynaud’s disease, and Prinzmetal angina.
- Drug interactions with Propranolol include digitalis, verapamil, insulin, oral hypoglycemics, NSAIDs, cimetidine, timolol, and nadolol.
- Beta1-selective antagonists like Atenolol, Esmolol, and Metoprolol have specific pharmacological actions and therapeutic uses.
- Atenolol has lower lipid solubility, less CNS entry, and is excreted unchanged in the urine.
- Metoprolol can be administered orally or intravenously for hypertension, angina, and acute myocardial infarction.
- Esmolol is the shortest-acting beta-blocker and is administered intravenously to treat acute supraventricular tachycardia.
- Beta-blockers with partial agonist activity like Pindolol and Acebutolol have specific pharmacological actions and therapeutic uses.
- Labetalol and Carvedilol are alpha and beta blockers that cause peripheral vasodilation, do not alter serum lipid and glucose levels, and can be used in hypertensive emergencies.
Autonomic Drugs and Their Uses
- Autonomic drugs are used to treat a variety of conditions such as hypertension, ophthalmic hyperemia, hypotension, shock, heart failure, angina, arrhythmias, pheochromocytoma, benign prostatic hyperplasia, nasal congestion, myasthenia gravis, urinary retention, urinary incontinence, glaucoma, asthma, COPD, dry mouth, and sialorrhea.
- Adrenergic blockers are categorized into α blockers (irreversible and reversible) and ß blockers (non-selective, selective ß1, and selective ß2).
- The general effects of α blockade include the blockade of vasoconstriction, causing reflex tachycardia and interfering with postural reflex.
- Other actions of α blockade include relaxation of trigone & sphincter muscles, leading to decreased resistance to urinary outflow, nasal stuffiness, miosis, increased intestinal motility, and a failure of ejaculation.
- Phenoxybenzamine is a non-selective, irreversible α1 and α2 blocker used in Pheochromocytoma to prevent hypertensive crisis through Dale’s vasomotor reversal.
- Dale’s vasomotor reversal occurs when high doses of epinephrine result in a drop in blood pressure instead of a vasopressor effect when α1 blockers are given before epinephrine.
- Phentolamine, a competitive non-selective α blocker, also causes postural hypotension and epinephrine reversal, leading to reflex tachycardia.
- α blockers are only used for acute hypertension in hospitals, opposing catecholamines actions in Pheochromocytoma and treating Raynaud’s disease.
- Adverse effects of α blockers include postural hypotension, nasal stuffiness, sexual dysfunction, tachycardia, and are contraindicated in decreased coronary perfusion.
- α1-selective blockers, such as Prazosin, Terazosin, Doxazosin, and Tamsulosin, are used for conditions like hypertension, Raynaud disease, and benign prostatic hypertrophy.
- Adverse effects of α1 blockers include "first dose" effect, orthostatic hypotension, headache, dizziness, reflex tachycardia, nasal stuffiness, sexual dysfunction, and miosis.
- Yohimbine is a selective α2 blocker used as a sexual stimulant, and Mirtazapine is used as an antidepressant. Both have limited clinical utility.
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Description
Test your knowledge of pharmacological actions and therapeutic uses of beta-blockers and autonomic drugs with this quiz. Explore the specific actions, indications, contraindications, and adverse effects of propranolol, atenolol, metoprolol, esmolol, pindolol, acebutolol, labetalol, and carvedilol. Learn about the uses of autonomic drugs in treating conditions such as hypertension, shock, heart failure, glaucoma,
