Pharmacokinetics and Ocular Bioavailability Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following factors tends to increase trans-corneal penetration?

Decreased osmolarity

Isotonic formulations

Increased viscosity (correct)

Rapid dissolution upon instillation

What is the optimal viscosity range (in centistokes) for ocular formulations to achieve increased contact time?

60 to 70 cps

5 to 10 cps

15 to 30 cps (correct)

40 to 50 cps

Which type of antagonist competes with agonists for physiological receptors?

Competitive antagonist (correct)

Partial agonist

Noncompetitive antagonist

Allosteric agonist

What is the expression of the activity of a drug in terms of the concentration or amount needed to produce a defined effect?

Potency Signup and view all the answers

Which formulation factor is associated with causing a decrease in drug concentration at the corneal surface?

Hypertonic solutions Signup and view all the answers

What is the nature of drugs with molecular weight ranging from 7 to 50,000?

Nonpeptide organic molecules Signup and view all the answers

What type of molecules are physiological receptors targeted by drugs?

Ligand-gated ion Signup and view all the answers

What type of agonist mimics the regulatory effect of endogenous signaling?

Primary agonist Signup and view all the answers

What is the tonicity of isotonic formulations?

Equivalent to 5% saline solution Signup and view all the answers

What type of formulations undergo rapid dissolution upon instillation?

Hypotonic formulations Signup and view all the answers

What does clinical pharmacokinetics provide a quantitative relationship between?

Dose and effect Signup and view all the answers

What does bioavailability indicate?

The fractional extent to which a drug dose reaches its site of action Signup and view all the answers

Which parameter of drug disposition indicates the quantity of drug reaching systemic circulation?

Bioavailability Signup and view all the answers

What does the volume of distribution (Vd) describe?

The apparent space in the body available to contain the drug Signup and view all the answers

What does clearance of a drug refer to?

The rate at which a drug is metabolized or eliminated by the body Signup and view all the answers

What does the area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) represent?

The total drug exposure over time Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of clinical pharmacokinetics?

Establishing dose-response relationships Signup and view all the answers

Which parameter describes the apparent space in the body available to contain the drug?

Volume of distribution Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'elimination' refer to in pharmacokinetics?

The rate at which a drug is metabolized or eliminated by the body Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'fractional extent' refer to in the context of bioavailability?

The fraction of a drug dose that reaches systemic circulation Signup and view all the answers

What does apparent volume of distribution (Vd) measure?

How a drug distributes in the body and liver Signup and view all the answers

What is clearance in pharmacokinetics?

The rate of elimination of a drug Signup and view all the answers

What is half-life (t1/2) in pharmacokinetics?

The time it takes for plasma concentration to reduce by 50% Signup and view all the answers

When is steady state achieved in drug administration?

When the rate of elimination equals the rate of administration Signup and view all the answers

What does dose regimen refer to in pharmacokinetics?

The plan of drug administration over time Signup and view all the answers

What is the therapeutic window in pharmacokinetics?

The concentration range for efficacy without toxicity Signup and view all the answers

What does ocular bioavailability measure?

The fraction of administered drug that enters systemic circulation unchanged Signup and view all the answers

What physiological factors affect ocular drug bioavailability?

Pre-corneal clearance, corneal permeability, and the blood-ocular barrier Signup and view all the answers

What physicochemical factors affect ocular drug bioavailability?

Molecular solubility, size and shape, pH, and formulation factors Signup and view all the answers

What is a major route for drug absorption in ocular drug delivery?

The cornea Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Pharmacokinetics and Ocular Bioavailability

Apparent volume of distribution (Vd) measures how a drug distributes in the body and liver
Clearance is the rate of elimination of a drug, and total clearance factors in renal, hepatic, and other clearances
Half-life (t1/2) is the time it takes for plasma concentration to reduce by 50%
Steady state is achieved when the rate of elimination equals the rate of administration
Dose regimen refers to the plan of drug administration over time
Therapeutic window is the concentration range for efficacy without toxicity
Ocular bioavailability measures the fraction of administered drug that enters systemic circulation unchanged
Physiological factors affecting ocular drug bioavailability include pre-corneal clearance, corneal permeability, and the blood-ocular barrier
Physicochemical factors affecting ocular drug bioavailability include molecular solubility, size and shape, pH, and formulation factors
The cornea is a major route for drug absorption and its tight intercellular junctions affect drug permeation
Ophthalmic solutions need to consider the chemical equilibrium and pH to optimize drug bioavailability
Formulation factors such as instilled volume, bottle tip design, and angle of the bottle can impact ocular drug bioavailability

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Description

Test your knowledge of pharmacokinetics and ocular bioavailability with this quiz. Explore concepts such as apparent volume of distribution, clearance, half-life, steady state, dose regimen, and therapeutic window. Understand the physiological and physicochemical factors affecting ocular drug bioavailability and the impact of ophthalmic solution formulations on drug absorption.