PF1010: Physicochemical Basis of Pharmaceuticals

A dosage formulation is a system of multiple phases and components governed by thermodynamics and process equilibria.

A system is the defined part of the physical world under study, while the surroundings encompass the rest of the physical world affected by changes to the system.

APIs serve as the active drug molecules that provide the therapeutic effect in pharmaceuticals.

<p>The First Law of Thermodynamics states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed, which affects the energy changes during drug formulation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Equilibrium processes, such as drug binding to receptors, are central to pharmacological activity, as they are effectively characterized by equilibrium constants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chemical potential is a measure of the change in free energy when one particle is added to a system, essential for predicting solubility and stability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chromatography measures partitioning between phases, providing quantitative data crucial for pharmaceutical analysis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phases refer to homogeneous portions of physical material that are defined by interfaces within a pharmaceutical system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Henderson-Hasselbalch equation is used to calculate the pH of buffer solutions and understand the ionization of weak acids and bases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phase diagrams provide visual representations of the phase behavior of substances, guiding the formulation of stable drug products.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enthalpy, or heat transfer, is significant as it influences the stability and efficacy of pharmaceutical compounds during formulation and reactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thermodynamics governs the processes involved in manufacturing APIs, ensuring optimal conditions for chemical transformations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Entropy is a measure of disorder; higher entropy can indicate lower stability, leading to potential degradation of drugs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Examples include the binding of drugs to receptors and biochemical reactions in body metabolism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Polymorphs are different crystalline forms of a compound, crucial for affecting the solubility and bioavailability of drugs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thermal analysis aids in assessing the stability and performance of pharmaceutical compounds through heat measurement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ionic strength influences the interactions between charged species, affecting drug solubility, stability, and bioavailability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Eutectic points indicate the composition and temperature at which multiple phases coexist, critical for designing mixes of APIs and excipients.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thermodynamics influences drug formulation by dictating the interactions and stability of various components within the formulation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Free energy determines the spontaneity of binding interactions; lower free energy indicates a more favorable binding of drugs to their receptors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The law of mass action defines the relationship between the concentrations of reactants and products at equilibrium, allowing the derivation of equilibrium constants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The partitioning influences the drug concentration in each phase, impacting its absorption and distribution in the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A dynamic equilibrium implies that, while the concentrations of reactants and products remain constant, the forward and reverse reactions continually occur at equal rates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Solid phase and gaseous phase; immiscible liquids and solid phase.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stoichiometries determine the ratios of concentrations used in the equilibrium constant expression, significantly influencing its value.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Measuring these concentrations is essential for calculating the drug's partition coefficient and understanding its distribution in biological systems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Keq represents the ratio of the concentrations of drug in lipid and aqueous phases, quantifying the partitioning behavior of the drug at equilibrium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>At equilibrium, the concentrations of A and B reach constant values as the rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Immiscible liquids can hinder effective drug mixing and absorption, leading to poor bioavailability in formulations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Understanding this relationship helps predict how changing concentrations of products will influence reactant concentrations and overall reaction dynamics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Keq is calculated as the ratio of the concentration of products to the concentration of reactants at equilibrium, represented by $K_{eq} = \frac{[products]}{[reactants]}$.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A high value of Keq indicates that the products are favored over reactants at equilibrium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The relationship established is that $[F6P] = 0.1 M - [G6P]$ where Keq can be used to find the equilibrium concentrations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Keq = $\frac{0.048 M}{0.002 M} = 24$.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The partition coefficient (P) indicates how a substance distributes between two phases, such as water and lipid, which can impact bioavailability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Temperature can shift the position of equilibrium and thus change the value of Keq, as it is temperature-dependent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Understanding the structure and stability is crucial for ensuring drug efficacy, safety, and shelf-life.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>When the equilibrium constant is inverted, it indicates that the concentrations of the reactants and products have swapped roles in the equilibrium expression.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An isomerase is an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of a molecule into one of its isomers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Equilibrium in biochemical processes allows biological systems to maintain homeostasis and efficiently utilize resources.</p> Signup and view all the answers