Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which defense mechanism, according to Freud, involves attributing one's own unacceptable impulses to others?
Which defense mechanism, according to Freud, involves attributing one's own unacceptable impulses to others?
- Displacement
- Rationalization
- Sublimation
- Projection (correct)
What is the central idea behind terror management theory regarding human behavior?
What is the central idea behind terror management theory regarding human behavior?
- Suppressing all emotional responses to maintain control
- Seeking constant distractions to avoid boredom
- Managing anxiety related to the awareness of mortality (correct)
- Minimizing social interactions to avoid conflict
According to Carl Rogers, what is the impact of unconditional positive regard on personality development?
According to Carl Rogers, what is the impact of unconditional positive regard on personality development?
- It creates dependency by fulfilling all needs without personal effort
- It fosters a sense of self-importance and arrogance
- It inhibits personal growth by removing constructive criticism
- It cultivates self-acceptance and reduces reliance on external validation (correct)
How does a negative self-concept impact an individual, according to Rogers and Maslow?
How does a negative self-concept impact an individual, according to Rogers and Maslow?
In the context of personality traits, what differentiates introverts from extraverts after a social event?
In the context of personality traits, what differentiates introverts from extraverts after a social event?
How do personality inventories, such as the MMPI, assess personality traits?
How do personality inventories, such as the MMPI, assess personality traits?
Which of the Big Five personality traits is characterized by being organized, detail-oriented, and goal-driven?
Which of the Big Five personality traits is characterized by being organized, detail-oriented, and goal-driven?
How does the expression of personality traits change over time, according to research?
How does the expression of personality traits change over time, according to research?
What is the key concept of the social-cognitive perspective on personality?
What is the key concept of the social-cognitive perspective on personality?
How does the behavioral approach explain the development of personality?
How does the behavioral approach explain the development of personality?
In reciprocal determinism, what components interact to shape personality, according to Albert Bandura?
In reciprocal determinism, what components interact to shape personality, according to Albert Bandura?
How do individual personalities create situations, according to social-cognitive theory?
How do individual personalities create situations, according to social-cognitive theory?
What does the spotlight effect primarily cause individuals to do?
What does the spotlight effect primarily cause individuals to do?
How does self-efficacy impact a person's approach to challenging tasks?
How does self-efficacy impact a person's approach to challenging tasks?
What role does genuineness play in fostering a growth-promoting social climate, according to Carl Rogers?
What role does genuineness play in fostering a growth-promoting social climate, according to Carl Rogers?
What is a key distinction between self-esteem and self-efficacy?
What is a key distinction between self-esteem and self-efficacy?
How might an individual scoring high in neuroticism typically react to unexpected stressful situations?
How might an individual scoring high in neuroticism typically react to unexpected stressful situations?
What is the primary function of defense mechanisms, according to psychoanalytic theory?
What is the primary function of defense mechanisms, according to psychoanalytic theory?
Why might the Rorschach inkblot test be considered a projective personality assessment?
Why might the Rorschach inkblot test be considered a projective personality assessment?
What is the role of empathy in a growth-promoting social climate, according to humanistic psychology?
What is the role of empathy in a growth-promoting social climate, according to humanistic psychology?
How does the focus of humanistic theories contrast with traditional psychoanalytic theories?
How does the focus of humanistic theories contrast with traditional psychoanalytic theories?
Considering reciprocal determinism, how might a student's anxiety about public speaking affect their environment and behavior?
Considering reciprocal determinism, how might a student's anxiety about public speaking affect their environment and behavior?
What is the implication of the spotlight effect on social interactions?
What is the implication of the spotlight effect on social interactions?
How do beliefs about self-efficacy influence an individual's response to failure?
How do beliefs about self-efficacy influence an individual's response to failure?
In the context of personality, what does it mean to say that someone is 'open'?
In the context of personality, what does it mean to say that someone is 'open'?
What is the core idea behind Freud's concept of the 'ego'?
What is the core idea behind Freud's concept of the 'ego'?
What is the central aim of the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) in personality assessment?
What is the central aim of the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) in personality assessment?
What distinguishes a trait from a temporary state in personality psychology?
What distinguishes a trait from a temporary state in personality psychology?
According to terror management theory, what is a primary psychological response to reminders of mortality?
According to terror management theory, what is a primary psychological response to reminders of mortality?
How does culture influence the expression of personality traits?
How does culture influence the expression of personality traits?
What is a major criticism of projective personality tests like the Rorschach inkblot test?
What is a major criticism of projective personality tests like the Rorschach inkblot test?
How might a social-cognitive theorist explain why someone consistently acts shy in new social situations?
How might a social-cognitive theorist explain why someone consistently acts shy in new social situations?
What is the primary goal of trait theories in the study of personality?
What is the primary goal of trait theories in the study of personality?
How does emphasizing self-efficacy, rather than solely focusing on self-esteem, better prepare individuals for challenges?
How does emphasizing self-efficacy, rather than solely focusing on self-esteem, better prepare individuals for challenges?
Which approach focuses on the potential influence of observational learning on personality development?
Which approach focuses on the potential influence of observational learning on personality development?
According to Carl Rogers, what is the connection between incongruence and psychological distress?
According to Carl Rogers, what is the connection between incongruence and psychological distress?
How might a projective test such as the TAT be helpful in understanding defense mechanisms?
How might a projective test such as the TAT be helpful in understanding defense mechanisms?
In what way is the idea of 'reciprocal determinism' demonstrated in the relationship between a coach and an athlete?
In what way is the idea of 'reciprocal determinism' demonstrated in the relationship between a coach and an athlete?
Which of the following is the most accurate depiction of Freud's understanding of how individuals manage anxiety?
Which of the following is the most accurate depiction of Freud's understanding of how individuals manage anxiety?
What is the primary assumption underlying the use of ambiguous stimuli in projective personality tests?
What is the primary assumption underlying the use of ambiguous stimuli in projective personality tests?
How do humanistic theories differ from psychodynamic theories in explaining human behavior?
How do humanistic theories differ from psychodynamic theories in explaining human behavior?
According to Carl Rogers, what is the relationship between congruence and psychological well-being?
According to Carl Rogers, what is the relationship between congruence and psychological well-being?
How would a person-centered therapist apply the concept of unconditional positive regard during a therapy session?
How would a person-centered therapist apply the concept of unconditional positive regard during a therapy session?
What is the long-term effect of a consistently negative self-concept on a person's life, as suggested by Rogers and Maslow?
What is the long-term effect of a consistently negative self-concept on a person's life, as suggested by Rogers and Maslow?
How do introverts and extraverts differ in their responses to social stimulation, from a personality perspective?
How do introverts and extraverts differ in their responses to social stimulation, from a personality perspective?
How do personality inventories, such as the MMPI, aim to provide a comprehensive assessment of an individual's personality?
How do personality inventories, such as the MMPI, aim to provide a comprehensive assessment of an individual's personality?
What differentiates individuals who score high in conscientiousness from those who score low, according to the Big Five model?
What differentiates individuals who score high in conscientiousness from those who score low, according to the Big Five model?
Considering the stability of personality traits over time, how do major life events typically influence an individual's personality?
Considering the stability of personality traits over time, how do major life events typically influence an individual's personality?
How does the social-cognitive perspective explain the relationship between personality and situational factors?
How does the social-cognitive perspective explain the relationship between personality and situational factors?
How does the behavioral approach view the development of personality, primarily?
How does the behavioral approach view the development of personality, primarily?
What is the most accurate explanation of the primary components that comprise reciprocal determinism, as proposed by Albert Bandura?
What is the most accurate explanation of the primary components that comprise reciprocal determinism, as proposed by Albert Bandura?
How do individual personalities actively influence the situations they encounter and subsequently shape their experiences?
How do individual personalities actively influence the situations they encounter and subsequently shape their experiences?
How does the spotlight effect influence an individual's perception of social situations?
How does the spotlight effect influence an individual's perception of social situations?
How does a strong sense of self-efficacy most effectively influence a person's approach to overcoming obstacles and achieving success?
How does a strong sense of self-efficacy most effectively influence a person's approach to overcoming obstacles and achieving success?
According to Carl Rogers, what is the role of genuineness in creating a growth-promoting social climate?
According to Carl Rogers, what is the role of genuineness in creating a growth-promoting social climate?
How does self-efficacy differ from self-esteem in its impact on an individual's behavior?
How does self-efficacy differ from self-esteem in its impact on an individual's behavior?
How might a person who scores high in neuroticism typically respond to unpredictable and stressful events?
How might a person who scores high in neuroticism typically respond to unpredictable and stressful events?
According to psychoanalytic theory, what primary role do defense mechanisms play in managing psychological distress?
According to psychoanalytic theory, what primary role do defense mechanisms play in managing psychological distress?
Why is the Rorschach inkblot test considered a projective personality assessment tool?
Why is the Rorschach inkblot test considered a projective personality assessment tool?
In humanistic psychology, what is the primary role of empathy in cultivating a growth-promoting social environment?
In humanistic psychology, what is the primary role of empathy in cultivating a growth-promoting social environment?
How do humanistic theories primarily differ from traditional psychoanalytic theories in their approach to studying personality?
How do humanistic theories primarily differ from traditional psychoanalytic theories in their approach to studying personality?
Considering reciprocal determinism, how might a student's anxiety about public speaking influence their environment and subsequent behavior?
Considering reciprocal determinism, how might a student's anxiety about public speaking influence their environment and subsequent behavior?
What is the implication of the spotlight effect on how individuals behave in social situations?
What is the implication of the spotlight effect on how individuals behave in social situations?
How do beliefs about self-efficacy influence an individual's response to setbacks and failures?
How do beliefs about self-efficacy influence an individual's response to setbacks and failures?
In the context of personality, what does it mean to describe someone as 'open' according to the Big Five traits?
In the context of personality, what does it mean to describe someone as 'open' according to the Big Five traits?
What is the primary role of the 'ego' in Freud's psychoanalytic theory of personality?
What is the primary role of the 'ego' in Freud's psychoanalytic theory of personality?
What specific purpose does the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) serve in the context of personality assessment?
What specific purpose does the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) serve in the context of personality assessment?
How does a personality trait differ from a temporary state in explaining human behavior?
How does a personality trait differ from a temporary state in explaining human behavior?
How does culture primarily affect personality traits, according to cross-cultural psychology?
How does culture primarily affect personality traits, according to cross-cultural psychology?
What is a fundamental criticism leveled against projective personality tests, such as the Rorschach inkblot test?
What is a fundamental criticism leveled against projective personality tests, such as the Rorschach inkblot test?
How would a social-cognitive psychologist explain consistent shyness in new social settings?
How would a social-cognitive psychologist explain consistent shyness in new social settings?
What is the overarching objective of trait theories in the study of personality?
What is the overarching objective of trait theories in the study of personality?
How does a focus on cultivating self-efficacy, as opposed to focusing solely on self-esteem, better equip individuals to face challenges?
How does a focus on cultivating self-efficacy, as opposed to focusing solely on self-esteem, better equip individuals to face challenges?
Which theoretical perspective underscores the potential impact of observational learning on shaping personality development?
Which theoretical perspective underscores the potential impact of observational learning on shaping personality development?
Following Carl Roger's theory, what is the connection between incongruence and psychological distress?
Following Carl Roger's theory, what is the connection between incongruence and psychological distress?
How might a projective test, like the TAT, be helpful in uncovering defense mechanisms used by an individual?
How might a projective test, like the TAT, be helpful in uncovering defense mechanisms used by an individual?
How is Bandura's idea of 'reciprocal determinism' seen in the connection between a coach and an athlete?
How is Bandura's idea of 'reciprocal determinism' seen in the connection between a coach and an athlete?
How might terror management theory explain heightened nationalism?
How might terror management theory explain heightened nationalism?
How does the humanistic perspective address the role of societal expectations?
How does the humanistic perspective address the role of societal expectations?
What inherent challenge exists in relying solely on self-report inventories?
What inherent challenge exists in relying solely on self-report inventories?
Considering the Big Five traits, how might high agreeableness manifest in conflict resolution?
Considering the Big Five traits, how might high agreeableness manifest in conflict resolution?
How does social-cognitive theory view the impact of past experiences?
How does social-cognitive theory view the impact of past experiences?
In reciprocal determinism, how does choosing specific activities influence personality development?
In reciprocal determinism, how does choosing specific activities influence personality development?
How might the spotlight effect impact a person giving a public speech?
How might the spotlight effect impact a person giving a public speech?
How is self-efficacy best cultivated to manage challenging situations effectively?
How is self-efficacy best cultivated to manage challenging situations effectively?
What is the potential drawback of prioritizing unconditional positive regard?
What is the potential drawback of prioritizing unconditional positive regard?
How does a strong sense of self-efficacy interact with intrinsic motivation?
How does a strong sense of self-efficacy interact with intrinsic motivation?
Considering the perspective, what role do 'conditions of worth' play in development?
Considering the perspective, what role do 'conditions of worth' play in development?
What is a key limitation of relying solely on personality inventories for assessment?
What is a key limitation of relying solely on personality inventories for assessment?
How might someone scoring high in neuroticism cope with unexpected life changes?
How might someone scoring high in neuroticism cope with unexpected life changes?
What is a common criticism of relying on defense mechanisms as a coping strategy?
What is a common criticism of relying on defense mechanisms as a coping strategy?
Why is the Rorschach inkblot test often criticized for its lack of standardization?
Why is the Rorschach inkblot test often criticized for its lack of standardization?
How does empathy, in the context of a therapeutic environment, foster personal growth?
How does empathy, in the context of a therapeutic environment, foster personal growth?
How do humanistic approaches differ from psychoanalytic theories in explaining behavior?
How do humanistic approaches differ from psychoanalytic theories in explaining behavior?
Considering reciprocal determinism, how might a student's fear of failure influence academic choices?
Considering reciprocal determinism, how might a student's fear of failure influence academic choices?
The spotlight effect can lead to what unintended social consequence?
The spotlight effect can lead to what unintended social consequence?
How do beliefs about self-efficacy affect one's response to negative feedback?
How do beliefs about self-efficacy affect one's response to negative feedback?
What does it mean to say someone is 'open' based on the Big Five traits?
What does it mean to say someone is 'open' based on the Big Five traits?
What long-term consequence might result from an over-reliance on external validation?
What long-term consequence might result from an over-reliance on external validation?
According to Freud, what is the impact on conscious thought?
According to Freud, what is the impact on conscious thought?
What's the primary goal of the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) in personality assessment?
What's the primary goal of the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) in personality assessment?
How might cultural background influence scores on personality inventories?
How might cultural background influence scores on personality inventories?
What's a valid criticism of inkblot tests?
What's a valid criticism of inkblot tests?
How does social-cognitive theory explain behavior inconsistent with typical personality traits?
How does social-cognitive theory explain behavior inconsistent with typical personality traits?
Prioritizing self-efficacy over self-esteem help with challenges most effectively by?
Prioritizing self-efficacy over self-esteem help with challenges most effectively by?
What's the main influence of observational learning on personality?
What's the main influence of observational learning on personality?
What's the Rogerian correlation between incongruence and distress?
What's the Rogerian correlation between incongruence and distress?
How could the TAT reveal defense mechanisms?
How could the TAT reveal defense mechanisms?
Bandura's reciprocal determinism applies to an athlete and coach by?
Bandura's reciprocal determinism applies to an athlete and coach by?
What is an accurate depiction of how individuals manage anxiety, per Freud?
What is an accurate depiction of how individuals manage anxiety, per Freud?
What's the basic idea of using ambiguous stimuli in tests?
What's the basic idea of using ambiguous stimuli in tests?
How distinguish humanistic theories from psychodynamic?
How distinguish humanistic theories from psychodynamic?
How would someone apply unconditional positive regard during therapy?
How would someone apply unconditional positive regard during therapy?
Rogers and Maslow negative self-concept long-term effects, on life?
Rogers and Maslow negative self-concept long-term effects, on life?
How do introverts/extraverts differ regarding social activity?
How do introverts/extraverts differ regarding social activity?
Personality inventories (MMPI) aim?
Personality inventories (MMPI) aim?
Conscientiousness, Big Five model, distinguishes individuals how?
Conscientiousness, Big Five model, distinguishes individuals how?
How influence change personality long-term?
How influence change personality long-term?
How cognitive perspective explain personality and situations?
How cognitive perspective explain personality and situations?
How do psychoanalytic theories primarily explain personality development?
How do psychoanalytic theories primarily explain personality development?
What is the primary aim of projective personality tests?
What is the primary aim of projective personality tests?
What is the core concept of terror management theory?
What is the core concept of terror management theory?
How do humanistic theories contrast with psychoanalytic theories?
How do humanistic theories contrast with psychoanalytic theories?
According to Carl Rogers, what is the role of genuineness?
According to Carl Rogers, what is the role of genuineness?
For Rogers and Maslow, what characterizes a positive self-concept?
For Rogers and Maslow, what characterizes a positive self-concept?
What fundamentally differentiates introverts from extraverts?
What fundamentally differentiates introverts from extraverts?
What is the function of personality inventories like the MMPI?
What is the function of personality inventories like the MMPI?
What best describes individuals high in conscientiousness?
What best describes individuals high in conscientiousness?
How stable are personality traits across the lifespan?
How stable are personality traits across the lifespan?
What does the social-cognitive perspective emphasize?
What does the social-cognitive perspective emphasize?
How does the behavioral approach explain personality development?
How does the behavioral approach explain personality development?
What comprises reciprocal determinism, according to Bandura?
What comprises reciprocal determinism, according to Bandura?
How do personalities influence the situations people encounter?
How do personalities influence the situations people encounter?
What does the spotlight effect primarily entail?
What does the spotlight effect primarily entail?
How does self-efficacy impact approaches to challenging tasks?
How does self-efficacy impact approaches to challenging tasks?
What role does acceptance play in a growth-promoting climate?
What role does acceptance play in a growth-promoting climate?
How does self-esteem differ from self-efficacy?
How does self-esteem differ from self-efficacy?
How might someone high in neuroticism react to stress?
How might someone high in neuroticism react to stress?
What is the primary function of defense mechanisms?
What is the primary function of defense mechanisms?
Why might the Rorschach be considered a projective assessment?
Why might the Rorschach be considered a projective assessment?
What role does empathy play in promoting a social climate?
What role does empathy play in promoting a social climate?
What key tenet underlies the use of ambiguous stimuli?
What key tenet underlies the use of ambiguous stimuli?
How does humanistic theory explain behavior?
How does humanistic theory explain behavior?
According to Carl Rogers, what's the relationship between congruence and well-being?
According to Carl Rogers, what's the relationship between congruence and well-being?
How would a therapist apply unconditional positive regard?
How would a therapist apply unconditional positive regard?
How do scores on personality tests get influenced by personal and cultural backgrounds?
How do scores on personality tests get influenced by personal and cultural backgrounds?
How might the spotlight effect impact speaking in public?
How might the spotlight effect impact speaking in public?
How does Bandura's reciprocal determinism apply to a coach and athlete?
How does Bandura's reciprocal determinism apply to a coach and athlete?
How is self-efficacy cultivated to effectively manage situations?
How is self-efficacy cultivated to effectively manage situations?
Accurately depict anxiety management, per Freud?
Accurately depict anxiety management, per Freud?
How is self-esteem best understood?
How is self-esteem best understood?
Based on the Big Five, how does high agreeableness show up in conflict?
Based on the Big Five, how does high agreeableness show up in conflict?
How is prioritizing self-efficacy over self-esteem most helpful?
How is prioritizing self-efficacy over self-esteem most helpful?
What is the most significant limitation of personality inventories?
What is the most significant limitation of personality inventories?
In reciprocal determinism, how does choosing specific activities influence development?
In reciprocal determinism, how does choosing specific activities influence development?
Flashcards
Personality
Personality
An individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting.
Psychoanalytic theories
Psychoanalytic theories
Proposed that childhood sexuality and unconscious motivations influence personality.
Humanistic theories
Humanistic theories
Focused on our inner capacities for growth and self-fulfillment.
Trait theories
Trait theories
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Social-cognitive theories
Social-cognitive theories
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Defense mechanisms
Defense mechanisms
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Projective test
Projective test
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Thematic apperception test
Thematic apperception test
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Rorschach inkblot test
Rorschach inkblot test
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Terror-management theory
Terror-management theory
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Humanistic psychology
Humanistic psychology
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Person-centered perspective
Person-centered perspective
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Unconditional positive regard
Unconditional positive regard
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Genuineness
Genuineness
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Empathy
Empathy
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Self-concept
Self-concept
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Personality inventory
Personality inventory
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Trait
Trait
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Conscientiousness
Conscientiousness
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Agreeableness
Agreeableness
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Neuroticism
Neuroticism
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Openness
Openness
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Extraversion
Extraversion
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Social-cognitive perspective
Social-cognitive perspective
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Behavioral approach
Behavioral approach
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Reciprocal determinism
Reciprocal determinism
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The spotlight effect
The spotlight effect
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Self-esteem
Self-esteem
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Self-efficacy
Self-efficacy
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Acceptance
Acceptance
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Benefits of high self-esteem
Benefits of high self-esteem
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Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
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Personal Environment Selection
Personal Environment Selection
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Personality & Interpretation
Personality & Interpretation
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Personality & Situation Creation
Personality & Situation Creation
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Introvert at a Party
Introvert at a Party
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Self-concept impact
Self-concept impact
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Impact of self-efficacy
Impact of self-efficacy
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How do Humanists study people?
How do Humanists study people?
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Study Notes
- Personality is an individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting.
Theories of Personality
- Psychoanalytic theories propose childhood sexuality and unconscious motivations influence personality.
- Humanistic theories focus on inner capacities for growth and self-fulfillment.
- Trait theories examine characteristic patterns of behavior (traits).
- Social-cognitive theories explore the interaction between people’s traits (including their thinking) and their social context.
Freud and Defense Mechanisms
- Freud proposed that the ego protects itself with defense mechanisms to reduce or redirect anxiety.
- Defense mechanisms reduce or redirect anxiety by distorting reality.
Projective Tests
- Projective tests provide ambiguous images designed to trigger projection of one’s inner dynamics.
- These tests aim to reveal inner dynamics through ambiguous stimuli.
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
- The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) expresses inner feelings through stories about ambiguous scenes.
- TAT is a projective test where people express inner feelings through stories about ambiguous scenes.
Rorschach Inkblot Test
- The Rorschach inkblot test identifies inner feelings by analyzing interpretations of inkblots.
- It is a projective test using 10 inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach, to analyze personality.
- The Rorschach test seeks to identify inner feelings by analyzing interpretations of symmetrical inkblots to reveal unconscious aspects.
Terror-Management Theory
- Terror-management theory explores emotional and behavioral responses to reminders of impending death.
- This theory explores people’s emotional and behavioral responses to reminders of their impending death.
Humanistic Psychology
- Humanistic psychologists emphasized human potential plus self-determination and self-realization.
- Humanistic theories focus on self-determination and self-realization.
- Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers introduced a third-force perspective that emphasized human potential.
Carl Rogers' View of Personality
- Carl Rogers viewed people as basically good with self-actualizing tendencies.
- A growth-promoting climate includes acceptance, genuineness, and empathy.
- People are free to pursue their needs particularly in a growth-promoting social climate.
Unconditional Positive Regard
- Unconditional positive regard is a caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, promoting self-awareness and self-acceptance.
- It is a caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude.
- Acceptance involves unconditional positive regard, valuing individuals despite failings.
Self-Concept
- Self-concept encompasses thoughts and feelings about oneself.
- It is all thoughts and feelings about ourselves in answer to "who am I?"
- A key feature of personality is one’s self-concept
- A positive self-concept leads to positive actions, while negative leads to dissatisfaction.
Introversion
- Introverts recharge by spending time alone to reduce stimulation.
- Introverts may want to relax at home after a party.
Extraversion
- Extraverts gain energy from being with others.
- They may want to continue partying after an event.
- Success, fun, or talkativeness doesn't always equate to extraversion because introverts use all their energy toward that event.
Personality Inventory
- A personality inventory is a questionnaire assessing feelings and behaviors.
- It is used to assess selected personality traits.
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
- The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) is a classic personality inventory.
Trait
- A trait is a characteristic pattern of behavior.
- It is assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports.
The Big Five Personality Factors
- Conscientiousness involves organization, detail orientation, and goal-driven behavior.
- Agreeableness includes cooperation, empathy, and caring.
- Neuroticism involves mood swings, irritability, and anxiety.
- Openness encompasses creativity, adventurousness, and willingness to try new things.
- Extraversion means being outgoing and gaining energy from social interaction.
Consistency of Personality Traits
- Personality traits can be stable, but expression can shift.
- Cheerful children tend to become cheerful adults.
- A jokester can become serious at a job interview.
- New situations and major life events can shift the personality traits expressed.
Traits vs. Behaviors
- Traits are stable, but behaviors vary across situations.
- Specific behaviors lack consistency across situations.
Social-Cognitive Perspective
- The social-cognitive perspective views behavior as an interaction between traits and context.
- Behavior is influenced by the interaction between traits and social context.
Behavioral Approach
- The behavioral approach focuses on the effects of learning on personality development.
- Behaviors are repeated through conditioning and observation.
- A controlling parent can lead a child to be timid.
Reciprocal Determinism
- Reciprocal determinism involves the interaction of behavior, cognition, and environment.
- Personalities are shaped by traits, environment, and behaviors.
Interaction of Individuals and Environments
- Individuals choose environments, interpret situations, and create situations.
- Personalities shape interpretation and reaction.
- Personalities create situations affecting how others treat us.
Spotlight Effect
- The spotlight effect overestimates how much others notice and evaluate us.
- It leads to presumptions that others notice and evaluate us significantly.
Self-Esteem
- Self-esteem is one's feeling of self-worth.
- It reflects how we view and value ourselves.
Self-Efficacy
- Self-efficacy is one’s belief in their ability to succeed.
- It reflects our belief in our capabilities.
Benefits of High Self-Esteem
- People who feel good about themselves have fewer sleepless nights.
- High self-esteem reduces susceptibility to conformity pressures.
- People with high self-esteem are more persistent at difficult tasks.
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