Questions and Answers
Who proposed psychology's first theory of personality?
What are the three regions of the iceberg personality model?
Conscious, precocious, unconscious
What does the ID represent in Freud's model of personality?
Unconscious drives for immediate gratification
What is the role of the superego?
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What is the function of the ego in personality?
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What is repression in psychological terms?
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What does regression mean in psychology?
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Define denial in a psychological context.
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What is reaction formation?
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What does projection mean in psychology?
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What is rationalization?
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What is displacement in psychology?
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Who are the Neo-Freudians?
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What did Alfred Adler believe about childhood experiences?
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What concept did Carl Jung introduce?
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What was Karen Horney's view on personality development?
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What is a projective test?
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What is the TAT in psychology?
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What is inkblot testing used for?
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What is an objective test?
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What do personality inventories measure?
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What is the focus of the humanistic perspective in psychology?
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What is Abraham Maslow known for?
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What is the concept of unconditional positive regard?
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What does the trait perspective focus on?
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Who was Gordon Allport?
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What was Raymond Cattell known for?
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What does the Big 5 personality traits refer to?
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Study Notes
Sigmund Freud
- Developed the first psychological theory of personality.
- Introduced key concepts like the ID, ego, and superego.
Iceberg Personality
- Divided into three regions: conscious, preconscious, and unconscious.
- Most of the mind operates below the surface, hidden from awareness.
ID
- Functions in the unconscious mind.
- Driven by the desire for immediate gratification.
- Ignores societal norms and others' needs.
Superego
- Represents our moral compass and conscience.
- Focuses on ideals and perfection.
Ego
- Acts as a mediator between the ID and superego.
- Operates on the reality principle.
Repression
- Involves keeping distressing emotions or thoughts in the unconscious.
- Serves as a short-term coping mechanism.
Regression
- A defense mechanism where individuals revert to childlike behaviors in response to stress.
- Demonstrates the stages of personality development.
Denial
- Refusal to acknowledge unpleasant truths or facts.
- A common form of psychological defense.
Reaction Formation
- Involves expressing the opposite of one's true feelings.
- Protects the psyche from discomfort by altering behavior towards others.
Projection
- A defense mechanism in which individuals project their unfavorable traits onto others.
- Results in hypocrisy, where one criticizes others for behaviors they exhibit themselves.
Rationalization
- The process of providing logical-sounding explanations to justify actions or feelings.
- Masks underlying anxiety-causing realities.
Displacement
- Redirecting emotions or blame from the true source to a safer target.
Neo-Freudians
- Acceptance of Freud's main ideas but disagreement on specific concepts.
- Explore social and environmental influences on personality.
Alfred Adler
- Emphasized the impact of childhood experiences on personality development.
- Developed the concept of the inferiority complex.
Carl Jung
- Proposed the idea of a collective unconscious, containing shared ancestral memories.
- Suggested that evolutionary history plays a role in shaping behavior.
Karen Horney
- Criticized Freud's emphasis on male dominance in personality development.
- Argued that social and cultural factors shape personality more significantly than biology.
Projective Test
- A method used to reveal subconscious memories and feelings through ambiguous stimuli.
TAT (Thematic Apperception Test)
- A projective psychological test that assesses personality through storytelling based on pictures.
Inkblot Test
- Utilizes ambiguous images to gauge unconscious thoughts and feelings.
Objective Test
- Involves standardized written assessments like multiple-choice or true/false questions.
- Considered more accurate and reliable than projective tests.
Personality Inventories
- Questionnaires designed to assess individuals' feelings and behaviors.
Humanistic Perspective
- Focuses on personal growth, individual choices, and the importance of free will.
- Studies both healthy and “sick” individuals to understand behavior.
Abraham Maslow
- Developed the hierarchy of needs, ranging from basic physiological needs to self-actualization.
- Emphasizes that higher-level needs cannot be pursued until basic needs are met.
Carl Rogers
- Introduced the concept of unconditional positive regard, advocating for total acceptance.
- Believed this acceptance leads to positive self-development and self-actualization.
Trait Perspective
- Describes personality as a stable pattern of behaviors across various situations.
Gordon Allport
- Critiqued Freud’s focus on the unconscious, suggesting personality should be studied in healthy individuals.
- Developed an extensive list of unique personality descriptors.
Raymond Cattell
- Utilized factor analysis to identify relationships among traits.
- Established 16 key personality traits based on his research.
Big Five Traits
- The five most recognized personality traits globally: Conscientiousness, Agreeableness, Neuroticism, Openness, and Extroversion.
- Defined by psychologist Lewis Goldberg as a framework for understanding personality.
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Description
Explore key concepts in psychology with these flashcards focused on personality theories. Delve into the foundational ideas proposed by Sigmund Freud and understand the components of personality such as the id, ego, and superego. Perfect for students and enthusiasts looking to clarify their knowledge in personality psychology.
