Questions and Answers
Who developed the first comprehensive theory of personality?
Sigmund Freud
The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) is a projective test _______.
in which people are presented with ambiguous images
The ______ approach to the study of personality came about in reaction to the dominance of Western approaches to the study of personality in non-Western settings.
indigenous
______ theorists attempt to explain our personality by identifying our stable characteristics and ways of behaving.
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Who believed that our personality traits are influenced by our genetic inheritance?
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_______ describes a proportion of difference among people that is attributed to genetics.
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______ is a state of being in which our thoughts about our real and ideal selves are very similar.
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Who developed social-cognitive theory?
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Self-efficacy is _____
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Who believed that we demonstrate consistent behavior patterns due to developed response tendencies?
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The _____ refers to the common psychological tendencies that have been passed down from one generation to the next.
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Who proposed the locus of control concept?
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An archetype is a ________.
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Who suggested that men have womb envy because they cannot give birth?
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Carl Jung's view of extroverted and introverted types serves as a basis of the ________.
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Carl Jung referred to the ________ as the mask we adopt.
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A(an) ________ locus of control is the belief that our outcomes are outside of our control; an ________ locus of control is the belief that we control our own outcomes.
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What does Asa exemplify when he mistakenly calls his mother 'my smother'?
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The trait openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism are key components of the ______.
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Sigmund Freud suggested that people who are dominated by their ________ might be narcissistic and impulsive.
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Which defense mechanism does Ina exemplify when she refuses to admit she needs glasses to drive?
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Which defense mechanism does Mike exemplify when he moves back in with his parents and plays video games after not getting a job?
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Dr. Grimes conducts a ________ by requesting that his patient respond to ambiguous stimuli, thus revealing hidden feelings, impulses, and desires.
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The _____ Inkblot Test employs a series of symmetrical inkblot cards that are presented to a client by a psychologist in an effort to reveal the person's unconscious desires, fears, and struggles.
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Hans and Sybil Eysenck viewed people as having two specific personality dimensions: ________.
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In Carl Jung's view, the task of integrating unconscious archetypal aspects of the self is part of ______ in the second half of life.
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Cognitive processes refers to all characteristics previously learned; ________.
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In Albert Bandura's social-cognitive theory, behavior refers to _______.
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Study Notes
Personality Theories and Assessments
- Sigmund Freud is recognized for developing the first comprehensive theory of personality.
- The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) is a projective test where individuals respond to ambiguous images.
- The indigenous approach to personality studies emerged as a response to Western dominance in non-Western contexts.
- Trait theorists focus on identifying stable characteristics that influence behavior.
- Hans and Sybil Eysenck proposed that personality traits are influenced by genetic inheritance.
Genetic Influences and Definitions
- Heritability quantifies the proportion of variability among individuals attributed to genetics.
- Congruence occurs when there is alignment between an individual's real and ideal self.
- Albert Bandura is known for developing social-cognitive theory, emphasizing the role of learning and observational behavior.
- Self-efficacy refers to a person's confidence in their abilities.
Behavioral Perspectives
- B.F. Skinner proposed that consistent behavior patterns arise from developed response tendencies.
- The collective unconscious encompasses shared psychological tendencies passed down through generations.
Concepts of Control and Archetypes
- Julian Rotter introduced the concept of locus of control, distinguishing between internal (self-determined outcomes) and external (outcomes influenced by outside forces).
- Archetypes are universal patterns existing in the collective unconscious across different cultures.
- Karen Horney suggested that men experience "womb envy" due to their inability to bear children.
Personality Indicators and Defense Mechanisms
- Carl Jung's classification of extroverted and introverted types forms the basis of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator.
- The persona represents the mask or façade one presents to the world.
- Freudian slips occur when an unintended word reveals subconscious thoughts, such as saying "smother" instead of "mother."
- The Five Factor Model includes five key personality traits: openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism.
Psychoanalytic Defense Mechanisms
- Individuals dominated by the id may show narcissistic or impulsive tendencies.
- Denial is exemplified when people refuse to acknowledge reality, as seen in someone who cannot admit they need glasses.
- Regression occurs when individuals revert to earlier behaviors in response to stress, as shown when someone plays video games instead of facing job loss.
Psychological Testing
- Projective tests, like the Rorschach Inkblot Test, reveal hidden feelings and desires through ambiguous stimuli.
- Eysenck identified two primary personality dimensions: extroversion/introversion and neuroticism/stability.
- Carl Jung's concept of self-realization involves integrating unconscious archetypal aspects of the self, particularly in later life.
Cognitive Factors in Behavior
- Cognitive processes include learned characteristics, beliefs, and expectations that influence behavior.
- In social-cognitive theory, behavior encompasses any actions that may be rewarded or punished, highlighting the role of environment in shaping personality.
- A positive outlook on challenges, commitment to goals, and a growth mindset signify healthy psychological adjustment and resilience.
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Description
This quiz covers key concepts from chapters 11 and 12 of psychology, focusing on personality theory and assessment methods. Important terms include Freud's contributions and projective tests like the TAT. Test your understanding of these critical psychological concepts!
