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Questions and Answers
Who developed the first comprehensive theory of personality?
Who developed the first comprehensive theory of personality?
Sigmund Freud
The Thematic Apperception Test is a projective test in which people are presented with ambiguous images.
The Thematic Apperception Test is a projective test in which people are presented with ambiguous images.
True (A)
The concept of ______ suggests that people choose to move to places that are compatible with their personalities and needs.
The concept of ______ suggests that people choose to move to places that are compatible with their personalities and needs.
selective migration
The ______ approach to the study of personality came about in reaction to the dominance of Western approaches in non-Western settings.
The ______ approach to the study of personality came about in reaction to the dominance of Western approaches in non-Western settings.
______ theorists attempt to explain our personality by identifying our stable characteristics and ways of behaving.
______ theorists attempt to explain our personality by identifying our stable characteristics and ways of behaving.
Who believed that our personality traits are influenced by our genetic inheritance?
Who believed that our personality traits are influenced by our genetic inheritance?
______ describes a proportion of difference among people that is attributed to genetics.
______ describes a proportion of difference among people that is attributed to genetics.
The ______ personality is anxious, self-conscious, artistic, thoughtful, quiet, and private.
The ______ personality is anxious, self-conscious, artistic, thoughtful, quiet, and private.
Who designed the first comprehensive system of constitutional psychology?
Who designed the first comprehensive system of constitutional psychology?
______ is a state of being in which our thoughts about our real and ideal selves are very similar.
______ is a state of being in which our thoughts about our real and ideal selves are very similar.
Who developed social cognitive theory?
Who developed social cognitive theory?
Self-efficacy is what?
Self-efficacy is what?
Because we have developed certain response tendencies, ______ believe that we demonstrate consistent behavior patterns.
Because we have developed certain response tendencies, ______ believe that we demonstrate consistent behavior patterns.
The ______ refers to the common psychological tendencies passed down from one generation to the next.
The ______ refers to the common psychological tendencies passed down from one generation to the next.
Who proposed the locus of control concept?
Who proposed the locus of control concept?
An archetype is a ______ that exists in our collective unconscious across cultures and societies.
An archetype is a ______ that exists in our collective unconscious across cultures and societies.
Who suggested that men have womb envy because they cannot give birth?
Who suggested that men have womb envy because they cannot give birth?
Carl Jung's view of extroverted and introverted types serves as a basis of the ______.
Carl Jung's view of extroverted and introverted types serves as a basis of the ______.
Carl Jung referred to the ______ as the mask we adopt.
Carl Jung referred to the ______ as the mask we adopt.
A ______ complex refers to the feeling that one lacks worth and doesn't measure up to society's standards.
A ______ complex refers to the feeling that one lacks worth and doesn't measure up to society's standards.
A ______ locus of control is the belief that our outcomes are outside of our control, and ______ locus of control is the belief we control our outcomes.
A ______ locus of control is the belief that our outcomes are outside of our control, and ______ locus of control is the belief we control our outcomes.
In Hippocrates' theory of personality, what bodily humor was associated with choleric temperament?
In Hippocrates' theory of personality, what bodily humor was associated with choleric temperament?
Asa is buying a gift for his mother and says 'smother' instead of 'mother'. What is this an example of?
Asa is buying a gift for his mother and says 'smother' instead of 'mother'. What is this an example of?
The traits openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism are key components of the ______.
The traits openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism are key components of the ______.
Sigmund Freud suggested that people who are dominated by their ______ might be narcissistic and impulsive.
Sigmund Freud suggested that people who are dominated by their ______ might be narcissistic and impulsive.
The ______ uses images and storytelling that relate to Hispanic culture.
The ______ uses images and storytelling that relate to Hispanic culture.
Ina can no longer read street signs but refuses to admit she needs glasses. This is an example of what?
Ina can no longer read street signs but refuses to admit she needs glasses. This is an example of what?
According to Galen, the ______ person is passionate, ambitious, and bold.
According to Galen, the ______ person is passionate, ambitious, and bold.
After Mike does not get a job, he moves back in with his parents and plays video games. This is an example of what?
After Mike does not get a job, he moves back in with his parents and plays video games. This is an example of what?
Dr. Grimes conducts a ______ by requesting that his patient respond to ambiguous stimuli, thus revealing hidden feelings, impulses, and desires.
Dr. Grimes conducts a ______ by requesting that his patient respond to ambiguous stimuli, thus revealing hidden feelings, impulses, and desires.
According to Sigmund Freud, an adult who smokes, drinks, overeats, or bites their nails is fixated in the ______ stage.
According to Sigmund Freud, an adult who smokes, drinks, overeats, or bites their nails is fixated in the ______ stage.
The ______ is composed of a series of true and false questions in order to establish an individual's clinical profile.
The ______ is composed of a series of true and false questions in order to establish an individual's clinical profile.
If parents are too lenient, the ______ child might become messy, careless, and prone to emotional outbursts.
If parents are too lenient, the ______ child might become messy, careless, and prone to emotional outbursts.
The ______ Inkblot Test employs a series of symmetrical inkblot cards presented to a client by psychologists in an effort to reveal unconscious desires.
The ______ Inkblot Test employs a series of symmetrical inkblot cards presented to a client by psychologists in an effort to reveal unconscious desires.
During which period are sexual feelings dormant as children focus on school and sports?
During which period are sexual feelings dormant as children focus on school and sports?
The ______ Concerning Blacks Test is a projective test designed to be culturally relevant to African-Americans using images that relate to their culture.
The ______ Concerning Blacks Test is a projective test designed to be culturally relevant to African-Americans using images that relate to their culture.
In the ______ stage, there is a sexual awakening as the incestuous urges resurface.
In the ______ stage, there is a sexual awakening as the incestuous urges resurface.
Karen Horney suggested ways to cope with day-to-day problems; these strategies could ______ if used rigidly and compulsively.
Karen Horney suggested ways to cope with day-to-day problems; these strategies could ______ if used rigidly and compulsively.
Ingrid is energized by being alone. Carl Jung would call her a(n) ______.
Ingrid is energized by being alone. Carl Jung would call her a(n) ______.
Immanuel Kant used the terms persistent, steadfast, and calm to describe what?
Immanuel Kant used the terms persistent, steadfast, and calm to describe what?
Eli seeks attention and acts while thinking later. Jung would describe him as a(n) ______.
Eli seeks attention and acts while thinking later. Jung would describe him as a(n) ______.
Hans and Sybil Eysenck viewed people as having two specific personality dimensions: ______.
Hans and Sybil Eysenck viewed people as having two specific personality dimensions: ______.
What is the developmental task of Erick Erickson's second stage of psychosexual development?
What is the developmental task of Erick Erickson's second stage of psychosexual development?
Many cultures have stories about heroes. What would Carl Jung say?
Many cultures have stories about heroes. What would Carl Jung say?
What is the developmental task of Erick Erickson's seventh stage focusing on society and family?
What is the developmental task of Erick Erickson's seventh stage focusing on society and family?
When Max goes to a job interview, he projects professionalism. What would Carl Jung say about Max?
When Max goes to a job interview, he projects professionalism. What would Carl Jung say about Max?
What is the developmental task of Eric Erickson's 8th stage of development that makes sense of life?
What is the developmental task of Eric Erickson's 8th stage of development that makes sense of life?
When Imogene feels anxious, she clings to her mom. What coping strategy is Imogene using?
When Imogene feels anxious, she clings to her mom. What coping strategy is Imogene using?
In Carl Jung's view, the task of integrating unconscious archetypal aspects of the self is part of the ______.
In Carl Jung's view, the task of integrating unconscious archetypal aspects of the self is part of the ______.
When Marcos is unhappy, he is mean to children and manipulative. What coping strategy is Marcos using?
When Marcos is unhappy, he is mean to children and manipulative. What coping strategy is Marcos using?
Cognitive processes refer to all characteristics previously learned. What are they?
Cognitive processes refer to all characteristics previously learned. What are they?
When Fey feels anxious, she retreats to her closet with a flashlight. What coping method is this?
When Fey feels anxious, she retreats to her closet with a flashlight. What coping method is this?
In Albert Bandura's social cognitive theory, behavior refers to what?
In Albert Bandura's social cognitive theory, behavior refers to what?
Tammy has positive views of challenges. Albert Bandura would say Tammy is what?
Tammy has positive views of challenges. Albert Bandura would say Tammy is what?
Dan avoids applying to college because he doubts he can succeed. This reflects what?
Dan avoids applying to college because he doubts he can succeed. This reflects what?
Jessica believes that she succeeds in high school because she works hard and is on the basketball team. Julian Rotter would say she has what?
Jessica believes that she succeeds in high school because she works hard and is on the basketball team. Julian Rotter would say she has what?
Kim believed he failed math because the tests were too hard and passed psychology because of his professor. Julian Rotter would say he has what?
Kim believed he failed math because the tests were too hard and passed psychology because of his professor. Julian Rotter would say he has what?
According to Abraham Maslow, the highest need is what?
According to Abraham Maslow, the highest need is what?
How can parents help their children achieve high congruence?
How can parents help their children achieve high congruence?
As the 'Third force', ______ is touted as a reaction to both the pessimistic determinism of psychoanalysis.
As the 'Third force', ______ is touted as a reaction to both the pessimistic determinism of psychoanalysis.
Which of the following is not a way we think of personalities?
Which of the following is not a way we think of personalities?
What should be changed to make the sentence correct: 'Hippocrates theorized phlegmatic was associated with black bile in the kidneys'?
What should be changed to make the sentence correct: 'Hippocrates theorized phlegmatic was associated with black bile in the kidneys'?
What is the main difference between Sigmund Freud and neo-Freudians?
What is the main difference between Sigmund Freud and neo-Freudians?
Why is Sigmund Freud trained as a doctor, not a psychologist?
Why is Sigmund Freud trained as a doctor, not a psychologist?
Make the statement true: 'Sigmund Freud's unconscious drive influenced by sex and childhood socialization.'
Make the statement true: 'Sigmund Freud's unconscious drive influenced by sex and childhood socialization.'
Which of the following influenced Sigmund Freud's theory of development?
Which of the following influenced Sigmund Freud's theory of development?
Which of the following theorists is not neo-Freudian?
Which of the following theorists is not neo-Freudian?
Alfred Adler's main contribution to the theory of personality is what?
Alfred Adler's main contribution to the theory of personality is what?
What is the main idea of Erik Erikson's theory?
What is the main idea of Erik Erikson's theory?
Carl Jung which of the following best served the goal of self-realization?
Carl Jung which of the following best served the goal of self-realization?
Karen Horney's three coping styles which was not one of them?
Karen Horney's three coping styles which was not one of them?
What is an advantage of applying learning approaches to the study of personality?
What is an advantage of applying learning approaches to the study of personality?
What is the primary finding of the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart?
What is the primary finding of the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart?
What is not part of Albert Bandura's social cognitive theory?
What is not part of Albert Bandura's social cognitive theory?
Summarize the main idea of reciprocal determinism.
Summarize the main idea of reciprocal determinism.
What is the main idea of the behavioral perspective on personality?
What is the main idea of the behavioral perspective on personality?
What principles of reciprocal determinism are present in observational learning?
What principles of reciprocal determinism are present in observational learning?
What is the marshmallow test?
What is the marshmallow test?
What is not something Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow have in common?
What is not something Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow have in common?
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Study Notes
Personality Development and Theories
- Sigmund Freud is the pioneer of the first comprehensive theory of personality.
- The Thematic Apperception Test presents participants with ambiguous images to reveal underlying thoughts and feelings.
- Selective migration refers to the tendency of individuals to relocate to areas that align with their personality and needs.
- The indigenous approach critiques Western methods of studying personality in cross-cultural contexts.
- Trait theorists define personality in terms of stable characteristics and consistent behavior patterns.
- Hans and Sybil Eysenck proposed that genetic inheritance significantly influences personality traits.
Psychological Concepts and Tests
- Heritability measures the portion of personality differences attributed to genetics.
- The ectomorph personality type is characterized by anxiousness, artistry, and introversion.
- William H. Sheldon created the first detailed system of constitutional psychology.
- Congruence represents the alignment between one's real and ideal self.
- Albert Bandura is known for developing social cognitive theory, emphasizing the role of observational learning and self-efficacy.
Freud's Psychosexual Development
- Freudian concepts suggest that behavior patterns stem from mechanisms such as denial and the id, which may lead to traits like narcissism.
- The collective unconscious consists of shared psychological tendencies passed through generations.
- The Rorschach Inkblot test is used to uncover hidden feelings through interpretation of symmetrical images.
- Freud posited that unresolved issues during the oral stage could manifest in adulthood as behaviors like overeating or smoking.
Erikson's Developmental Stages
- Erik Erikson outlined critical stages of psychosocial development, such as autonomy vs. shame and generativity vs. stagnation.
- The eighth stage, integrity vs. despair, involves reflection on life meaning.
- Birth order is suggested by Alfred Adler to shape personality characteristics.
Coping Strategies and Personality Types
- Karen Horney identified coping strategies such as moving toward, against, or away from people, which can become neurotic if rigidly applied.
- Carl Jung differentiated between introversion and extroversion, influencing modern personality assessments like the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator.
- Jung's concept of the persona symbolizes the social mask individuals wear in various contexts.
Cognitive and Behavioral Perspectives
- Cognitive processes involve learned beliefs and expectations that shape behavior.
- Albert Bandura's theory emphasizes the interaction of behavior, cognitive processes, and situational contexts in shaping personality.
- The marshmallow test evaluates the ability to delay gratification for greater rewards, highlighting self-control traits.
Modern Applications and Implications
- The Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart established that identical twins exhibit similar personality traits, underscoring genetic influences.
- Humanism emerged as a response to deterministic models, focusing on personal growth and self-actualization.
- Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow both emphasized unconditional positive regard and self-actualization in personality formation.
General Knowledge
- Not all theorists fit within Freudian or neo-Freudian frameworks; Albert Bandura is an example of a distinct approach.
- Primary focuses in personality studies include behavior shaped by reinforcement and expectations based on situational contexts.
Miscellaneous
- Psychological assessment tools like the MMPI determine clinical profiles through true/false questions.
- Cultural relevance in testing is exemplified by the TEMAS and Contemporized themes tests, designed to resonate with diverse populations.
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