Personality Psychology Concepts
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Questions and Answers

What does personality coherence refer to?

  • The degree to which personality traits are influenced by genetics.
  • The ability of personality to change significantly over time.
  • The consistent expression of personality traits across different situations.
  • The tendency for individuals to maintain their position relative to others in terms of personality traits, while the specific manifestations of those traits may change. (correct)

    • Which of the following is NOT a defining quality of personality change?

  • Changes are enduring over time.
  • Changes are influenced by external factors. (correct)
  • Changes are typically gradual and incremental.
  • Changes are internal to a person.

    • Which level of analysis focuses on identifying changes that apply more or less to everyone?

  • Population level (correct)
  • Universal level
  • Individual difference level
  • Group differences level

    • What is an example of a question that could be addressed at the individual difference level?

    <p>Can we predict who is at risk for psychological disturbance later in life based on earlier measures of personality? (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mahatma Gandhi's life is presented as an example of what aspect of personality?

    <p>Personality stability (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the primary traits that demonstrate age-related changes?

    <p>Sensation seeking and impulsivity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does sensation seeking typically change throughout a person's lifetime?

    <p>It increases until late adolescence and then decreases. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does impulsivity differ from sensation seeking in terms of age-related changes?

    <p>Impulsivity decreases earlier and more rapidly than sensation seeking. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a form of meditation that may increase openness to experience and creativity?

    <p>Mindfulness-based meditation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a factor that Twenge's research suggests contributes to changes in assertiveness over time?

    <p>Cohort effects (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main idea behind the statement 'cohort effects'?

    <p>Differences in individuals across various time periods are due to environmental factors of their generation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Twenge's research indicate about assertiveness in men and women?

    <p>Women have shown an increase in assertiveness, while men have shown no significant change. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of the text regarding personality change?

    <p>Exploring the various factors that contribute to personality changes across the lifespan. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the consistency of an individual's position relative to others in a group over time?

    <p>Rank Order Stability (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'personality development' refer to?

    <p>The changes in an individual's personality over time (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a key concept in personality development?

    <p>Psychological Well-being (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is another term for 'Mean Level Stability'?

    <p>Average Stability (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential limitation of 'Rank Order Stability' as a measure of personality development?

    <p>It only focuses on the relative position of an individual within a group, not on the absolute level of their personality traits (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is 'Personality Coherence'?

    <p>The underlying consistency of personality traits even though expressed in different behaviours at different ages (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of 'Personality Coherence'?

    <p>A person who is aggressive and prone to temper tantrums as a child becomes a successful and assertive business leader in their 40s. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a level of analysis for studying personality stability and change?

    <p>Cultural Level (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the longitudinal study that was conducted to analyze the relationship between personality and marital satisfaction?

    <p>Marital Stability, Marital Satisfaction, and Divorce (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What personality traits, according to the research, were the strongest predictors of marital dissatisfaction and divorce?

    <p>Husband's neuroticism, wife's neuroticism, husband's impulsivity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a factor that was studied in relation to personality coherence over time?

    <p>Social desirability (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Based on the presented research, what personality trait is strongly correlated with the later development of alcoholism and emotional disturbance in men?

    <p>Neuroticism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between impulsivity and financial security?

    <p>High impulsivity at 18 predicts less financial security at 26 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which personality trait is considered the best predictor of both school and work achievement?

    <p>Conscientiousness (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The text highlights the impact of work experiences on personality change. Which of the following scenarios would be an example of this?

    <p>A naturally shy person becoming more social after working in a customer service role (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which personality trait is NOT explicitly mentioned as conducive to a long life?

    <p>Extraversion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the study by Caspi and Herbener (1990), what was the primary focus of their investigation?

    <p>Determining the impact of marriage on personality change. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'rank order stability' refer to in the context of personality development?

    <p>The consistency of individual differences in personality traits over time. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key implication of the finding that personality shows evidence of coherence over time?

    <p>Personality traits and behaviors may manifest differently throughout life but still reflect underlying stable patterns. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Consider the statement: "People married to a spouse least similar to themselves showed most personality change." Which of the following interpretations is MOST consistent with this finding?

    <p>Marrying someone different forces individuals to adapt and change their behavior. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the content, what is a factor that can potentially influence personality development?

    <p>Socioeconomic status and cultural background. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general trend in 'Big Five' personality factors over time, particularly after the age of 50?

    <p>Moderate to high levels of mean level stability. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following personality traits tends to decrease with age until around 50?

    <p>Openness (B), Neuroticism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the transition from early adolescence to early adulthood appear to affect self-esteem for women compared to men?

    <p>Women tend to experience a decrease in self-esteem, while men tend to experience an increase. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'self-esteem variability' refer to?

    <p>The magnitude of short-term changes in ongoing self-esteem. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does 'self-esteem variability' relate to stressful life events?

    <p>It is an indicator of vulnerability to stressful life events. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What trend was observed in the ambition levels of male managerial candidates over a 20-year span, starting in their 20s?

    <p>Ambition levels declined significantly, especially in the first eight years. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the study on male managerial candidates, which personality trait(s) increased over time?

    <p>Autonomy, leadership motivation, and achievement (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes the stability of aggression over childhood?

    <p>Individual differences in aggression emerge in early childhood and remain relatively stable over time. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average correlation across personality traits, scales, and time intervals for rank order stability in adulthood?

    <p>Around +.65 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the statement 'personality appears to become more and more 'set in plaster' with age' imply?

    <p>Personality stability increases with age, making individuals less likely to change. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Personality coherence

    Staying consistent in ranking among peers while expressing traits differently.

    Personality stability

    The enduring aspects of a person's character despite life changes.

    Internal changes

    Changes in personality that originate within a person, not from external factors.

    Enduring changes

    Personality changes that last over time rather than being temporary.

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    Three levels of personality analysis

    Population, group, and individual levels where personality traits are assessed.

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    Personality Development

    Continuities and changes in people's behavior over time.

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    Rank Order Stability

    Maintenance of individual position within a group over time.

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    Mean Level Stability

    The constancy of the average level of a trait within a population.

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    Personality Change

    How personality traits evolve or shift over time.

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    Continuity in Personality

    The stable aspects of personality that remain over time.

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    Coherence Examples

    How different behaviors reflect the same underlying trait.

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    Personality Research

    The study of how personality traits remain stable or change over time.

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    Childhood Aggression Stability

    Individual differences in aggression emerge early, showing stability over time.

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    Stability Coefficients

    Measure of the stability of personality traits over intervals; declines with longer time between measures.

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    Adult Personality Consistency

    Broad personality traits demonstrate moderate to high stability into adulthood, averaging correlations of +.65.

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    Mean Level Stability (Big Five)

    Average levels of Big Five personality traits show consistent stability, especially post-50.

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    Self-Esteem Changes

    Transition from adolescence to adulthood affects self-esteem differently for males and females.

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    Self-Esteem Variability

    Magnitude of fluctuations in self-esteem, indicating vulnerability to stress.

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    Ambition Changes in Men

    Ambition of male managerial candidates declines steeply from early adulthood into mid-adulthood.

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    Increased Autonomy and Leadership

    Over time, autonomy and leadership traits tend to increase, even as ambition declines.

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    Self-View Influence

    Self-esteem variability impacts how one's self-image is swayed by social events.

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    Practical intentions

    Plans aimed at implementing specific changes in traits.

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    Marital stability

    The likelihood that a marriage will remain intact over time.

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    Neuroticism

    A personality trait associated with emotional instability and anxiety.

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    Impulsivity

    The tendency to act on a whim without thinking of the consequences.

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    Conscientiousness

    A personality trait characterized by responsibility and organization.

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    Alcoholism prediction

    The likelihood of developing alcoholism based on personality traits.

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    Sensation Seeking

    The tendency to seek out novel and exciting experiences, which increases during adolescence and peaks around ages 18-20.

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    Longitudinal study

    Research that follows the same subjects over time to observe changes.

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    Personality and longevity

    Certain personality traits can predict how long individuals might live.

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    Age-related change in sensation seeking

    Sensation seeking increases in childhood, peaks in late adolescence, and then declines after age 20.

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    Openness to experience

    A personality trait that reflects how open or receptive a person is to new ideas and experiences, tends to slightly decrease with age.

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    Mindfulness-based Meditation

    A practice aimed at enhancing attention to present experiences, which may boost openness and creativity.

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    Cohort effects

    Changes in personality traits attributed to the social environment of the time period people grew up in, not necessarily true personality change.

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    Assertiveness trends

    Changes in assertiveness levels among women across different generations, showing fluctuations depending on the cohort.

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    Narcissism research

    Inconclusive findings regarding the increase in narcissism over time and how it is influenced by generations.

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    Positive Emotionality

    A trait characterized by happiness, sociability, and enthusiasm.

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    Personality Change Prediction

    Determining who is likely to change personality and who remains stable.

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    Similarity in Relationships

    Marrying someone similar can lead to stability in personality.

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    Personality Development Factors

    Elements influencing how personality changes, including time and cohort.

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    Social Cohort Influence

    The impact of shared life experiences within a demographic on personality.

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    Study Notes

    Personality Psychology: Dispositions Over Time

    • Personality psychology examines the consistency and change in personality over a lifetime
    • Key concepts include stability, coherence, and change in personality development.
    • Personality traits manifest differently throughout the lifespan.
      • e.g., disagreeableness can manifest as temper tantrums in infancy, while in adulthood it may present as argumentativeness.
      • Despite behavioral differences, the underlying trait remains consistent.

    Learning Objectives

    • Understanding key concepts: stability, coherence, and change in personality development.
    • Identifying three levels of analysis in studying personality stability and change:
        1. Population level: Trends common to most people.
        1. Group differences level: Variations between groups.
        1. Individual differences level: Unique patterns of change.
    • Research on personality stability: Examining how personality traits remain consistent across time.
    • Research on personality change: Understanding how personality traits evolve over time.
    • Understanding and exemplifying personality coherence: How people’s core traits and patterns endure over time.

    Conceptual Issues

    • Personality Development: The study of how personality evolves throughout life.
    • Rank-Order Stability: Maintaining a position within a group relative to others.
    • Mean Level Stability: Consistency in the average level of a trait over time.
    • Personality Coherence: Consistency in traits across time but with changes in expression.
    • Personality Change: Evolution of traits or patterns of behavior.

    What is Personality Development

    • Continuities, consistencies, and stabilities in personality, including how people change over time.
    • How people remain the same and adapt over time.
    • Even with developmental changes, a person remains fundamentally the same person.

    Three Key Forms of Stability

    • Rank-order stability: A person's standing in relation to others remains the same.
    • Mean-level stability: The average level of a trait remains consistent.
    • Personality coherence: Consistency in particular traits over time despite changes in overt manifestations.

    A Closer Look- Mahatma Gandhi

    • Gandhi's life, marked by social turmoil, demonstrated remarkable personality stability.

    Personality Change: Two Defining Qualities

    • Internal: Changes are rooted in the individual, not external circumstances.
    • Enduring: Changes are long-lasting, not temporary.

    Three Levels of Analysis

    • Population level: Patterns that apply to most people (e.g., increasing conscientiousness with age).
    • Group differences level: Group differences (e.g., differences between men and women in self-esteem).
    • Individual differences level: Predicting individuals' vulnerabilities based on personality measures.

    Personality Stability Over Time: Infancy

    • Temperament: Individual differences in behavior linked to emotionality.
    • Temperament factors include activity level, smiling, fear, and soothability, which are linked to emotionality.
    • Stability of temperament is higher for short intervals rather than long ones.
    • Stable differences emerge early in life, where they are evident in the first years.

    Personality Stability Over Time: Childhood

    • Longitudinal studies show predictability in early life is predictive of later life, though predictability declines over time.
    • Childhood aggression is stable during the first three years, showing rank-order stability, but these coefficients show a decline over time.

    Personality Stability Over Time: Adulthood

    • Rank-Order Stability: Personality traits generally show moderate to high stability in adulthood.
    • Mean-Level Stability: A consistency in the average level of "Big Five" personality traits is observed.
    • Significant changes in openness, extraversion, and neuroticism start to appear in the 20s.
    • Changes in assertiveness show generational differences.

    Personality Change (Adulthood)

    • Self-Esteem: Women often show a decrease in self-esteem, while men generally increase it.
    • Daily fluctuations in self-esteem can be indicators of stress.
    • Self-esteem is very susceptible to outside forces.

    Personality Change (Other Factors)

    • Autonomy, Dominance, Leadership, and Ambition: Male managerial candidates experienced a decrease in ambition, especially in the first eight years.
    • Sensation Seeking and Impulsivity: Individuals tend to become less sensation-seeking and impulsive after their 20s.
    • Openness to Experiences: Evidence suggests a potential decline in openness to experiences as age increases.

    Personality Change (Creativity)

    • Mindfulness-based meditation may be linked to an increase in openness to experience and creativity.

    Personality Changes Across Cohorts

    • Observed changes in assertiveness and narcissism differed between cohorts (age/generation).
    • Women's assertiveness rose in certain cohorts, while no change was noted in men.

    Volitional Personality Change

    • People often attempt to change their personality, however, research is still in its early stages.

    Personality Coherence Over Time

    • Marital Stability: Marital stability was related to aspects of personality such as neuroticism (in husbands) and impulsivity (in husbands).
    • Alcoholism/Drug Use: High neuroticism in men predicted later alcoholism and emotional instability.
    • Education: Low conscientiousness in early adulthood is linked to future education and financial progress.
    • Health and Longevity: High conscientiousness, positive emotional expression, and low hostility/neuroticism are connected with longevity.

    Prediction of Personality Change

    • Caspi and Herbener (1990) showed that whether a person's personality changes depends on various circumstances, like the partner they are married to.

    Summary and Evaluation

    • Personality consistently shows stability in rank order.
    • Personality changes predictably but sometimes differently in men and women. It is affected by social cohort.
    • Personality shows coherence over time.

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    Personality Dispositions Over Time: Stability, Change, and Coherence PDF

    Description

    This quiz explores various concepts related to personality psychology, including personality coherence, traits associated with age changes, and individual differences in personality. Questions cover foundational theories and empirical research findings relevant to the development of personality over time.

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