Questions and Answers
What is the definition of Personality?
What does Trait influence?
behavior across many situations
What is the Nomothetic approach?
scientific approach that seeks out general principles in nature
What is the Idiographic approach?
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What is the purpose of a Molecular genetic study?
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What does Psychic determinism assume?
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What is the Id in psychological terms?
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What is the Pleasure principle?
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What is the Superego?
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What is the Ego's role?
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What does the Reality principle involve?
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What are Defence mechanisms?
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What is Repression?
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What does Denial involve?
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What is Regression?
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What is Reaction-formation?
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What is Projection in psychological terms?
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What is Displacement?
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What is Rationalization?
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What does Sublimation mean?
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What is an Erogenous zone?
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What is the Oral stage in psychosexual development?
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What is the Anal stage?
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What is the Phallic stage?
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What is the Oedipus complex?
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What is the Electra complex?
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What is the Latency stage?
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What is the Genital stage?
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What are non-Freudian theories?
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What is Style of life according to Adler?
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What is an Inferiority complex?
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What is the Collective unconscious?
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What are Archetypes?
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What do Social learning theorists emphasize?
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What is Reciprocal determinism?
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What is Self-actualization?
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Study Notes
Overview of Personality
- Personality encompasses typical ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving of individuals.
- Traits are consistent influences on behavior across various situations.
Approaches to Personality
- The nomothetic approach seeks universal principles in understanding personality rather than focusing on individual specifics.
- The idiographic approach emphasizes the unique configuration of characteristics and life experiences of individuals.
Genetic Studies
- Molecular genetic studies help identify specific genes linked to particular personality traits.
Psychological Concepts
- Psychic determinism suggests all psychological events have specific causes.
- The id contains our most basic impulses, including desires related to sex and aggression.
- The pleasure principle drives the id to seek immediate gratification.
- The superego represents our moral compass and sense of right and wrong.
- The ego acts as the decision-maker, balancing the desires of the id and the morality of the superego.
- The reality principle enables the ego to delay gratification until a suitable outlet is found.
Defence Mechanisms
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Defence mechanisms are unconscious strategies to reduce anxiety, including:
- Repression: forgetting threatening memories or impulses.
- Denial: ignoring distressing external experiences.
- Regression: reverting to a simpler, childlike state.
- Reaction-formation: transforming negative emotions into their opposites.
- Projection: attributing one's own negative traits onto others.
- Displacement: redirecting impulses to safer targets.
- Rationalization: justifying unreasonable actions.
- Sublimation: channeling unacceptable impulses into socially approved goals.
Psychosexual Development Stages
- Erogenous zones are areas of the body that are sexually sensitive.
- Oral stage (birth to 12-18 months): focus on the mouth.
- Anal stage (18 months to 3 years): focus on toilet training.
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Phallic stage (3-6 years): focus on the genitals, leading to the Oedipus and Electra complexes.
- Oedipus complex: boys' romantic feelings for their mothers, rivalry with fathers.
- Electra complex: girls' romantic feelings for their fathers, rivalry with mothers.
- Latency stage (6-12 years): sexual impulses are repressed.
- Genital stage (around age 12): maturation of sexual impulses and romantic interests.
Theories Beyond Freud
- Non-Freudian theories place less focus on sexuality and promote optimism about personality growth.
- Style of life (Adler): each person's unique method of achieving personal superiority.
- Inferiority complex: feelings of inadequacy leading to overcompensation.
- Collective unconscious (Jung): shared ancestral memories across generations.
- Archetypes: universally recognizable symbols found in different cultures.
Learning and Personality
- Social learning theorists stress the role of cognitive processes in shaping personality.
- Reciprocal determinism: individuals mutually influence one another's behaviors.
- Self-actualization: the inherent drive to fulfill one's potential to the fullest.
- Condition of worth (Rogers): the standards we impose on ourselves for perceived worthiness.
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Description
Test your knowledge on key concepts from Chapter 14 of Psychology 105. This quiz covers important terms related to personality, including traits and approaches to understanding personal differences. Use these flashcards to reinforce your understanding of how personality influences behavior.