20 Questions
What are the three factors that influence the determination of whether behavior is internally or externally caused?
Consistency, consensus, distinctiveness
Which factor refers to the person responding in the same way over time?
Consistency
What do we form based on various combinations of distinctiveness, consensus, and consistency?
Impressions of attributions to the causes of behavior
What does internally caused behavior refer to?
Behavior believed to be under the personal control of the individual
What causes certain behavior, according to the text?
Something within the person we observe, i.e. their personality
What does externally controlled behavior result from?
Outside causes, by the forces in the person’s environment
What is the term used to describe the individual displaying different behaviors in different situations?
Distinctiveness
What refers to everybody faced with a similar situation responding in the same way?
Consensus
What is the process of managing the way people perceive and make judgments about each other?
Managing the Perception process
What theory focuses on the causes of behavior and whether it is internally or externally caused?
Attribution theory
What is the fundamental attribution error?
Overestimating internal factors and underestimating external factors when judging others' behavior
What is the self-serving bias?
Attributing successes to internal factors and failures to external factors
What is selective perception?
Interpreting what one sees based on interests, background, and attitudes
What is the recency effect?
The most recent information influencing judgment despite other available information
What is the halo effect?
Positive characteristics of a person influencing the perception of other characteristics
What is similarity error?
Judging someone based on perceived group membership
What is the contrast effect?
Evaluation of a person's characteristics affected by comparisons with other people recently encountered
What is stereotyping?
Judging someone based on perception of the group to which that person belongs
What is social perception?
The ability to make accurate interpretations and inferences about other people from their appearance and communication
What is the fundamental attribution error?
Overestimating internal factors and underestimating external factors when judging others' behavior
Study Notes
Factors Influencing Behavior Determination
- Three factors determine whether behavior is internally or externally caused: distinctiveness, consensus, and consistency
- Consistency refers to the person responding in the same way over time
Attribution Theory
- We form attributions based on various combinations of distinctiveness, consensus, and consistency
- Internally caused behavior refers to behavior resulting from personal dispositions or characteristics
- According to the text, certain behavior is caused by internal dispositions or characteristics
- Externally controlled behavior results from situational factors or environmental stimuli
Behavior in Different Situations
- The term "actor" refers to the individual displaying different behaviors in different situations
- Consensus refers to everybody faced with a similar situation responding in the same way
Social Perception
- Social perception is the process of managing the way people perceive and make judgments about each other
- Attribution theory focuses on the causes of behavior and whether it is internally or externally caused
Cognitive Biases
- Fundamental attribution error: overestimating the role of internal dispositions and underestimating the impact of situational factors
- Self-serving bias: attributing one's own successes to internal causes and failures to external causes
- Selective perception: perceiving and interpreting information in a way that confirms one's existing beliefs
- Recency effect: overestimating the importance of recent information
- Halo effect: forming an overall impression based on a single trait or characteristic
- Similarity error: attributing behavior to personality traits based on superficial similarities
- Contrast effect: perceiving stimuli in relation to previously experienced stimuli
- Stereotyping: forming opinions about people based on group membership rather than individual characteristics
Test your understanding of perception, attribution theory, and social perception in the context of organizational behavior and human resource management. This quiz covers key concepts such as errors and biases that distort perception, managing the perception process, and the impact of attribution theory on individual behavior observation.
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