Unit 1 session 8.pptx

Online MBA Semester I Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management Course Code - (OMBA-103) Unit 1: Lesson 7: Perception (Part: 1) PERCEPTION (PART:2) • Attribution Theory • Errors and biases distorting perception • Perception and OB • Managing the Perception process • Social per...

Online MBA Semester I Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management Course Code - (OMBA-103) Unit 1: Lesson 7: Perception (Part: 1) PERCEPTION (PART:2) • Attribution Theory • Errors and biases distorting perception • Perception and OB • Managing the Perception process • Social perception ATTRIBUTION THEORY When individuals observe behavior, they attempt to determine whether it is internally or externally caused. The determination depends on three factors: • Distinctiveness • Consensus • Consistency ATTRIBUTION THEORY Distinctiveness – individual displays different behaviors in different situations Consensus – everybody faced with a similar situation responds in the same way Consistency – the person responds in the same way over time As a result of various combinations of distinctiveness, consensus and consistency, we form impressions of our attributions to the causes of behavior. Internally caused behaviors - those that are believed to be under the personal control of the individual Externally controlled behaviors - resulting from outside causes, by the forces in the person’s environment Attribution What causes certain behavior? It is something within the person we observe, i.e. their personality It is caused by something outside the person we observe, i.e. their situation = internal attribution = external attribution We make a Dispositional attribution We make a situational attribution Observation Interpretatio n Distinctiveness Individual behavior Attribution of cause High External Low High Consensus Low High Consistency Attribution theory Low Internal External Internal External Internal ERRORS AND BIASES DISTORTING PERCEPTION • • • Fundamental attribution error • Halo effect • Similarity error • Recency Effect • Horn Effect Self-serving bias Selective perception • Contrast effect • Stereotyping FUNDAMENTAL ATTRIBUTION ERROR The tendency to underestimate the influence of external factors and overestimate the influence of internal factors when judgement about the behavior of others SELF SERVING BIAS The tendency for individuals to attribute their own successes to internal factors while putting the blame for failures on external factorsx SELECTIVE PERCEPTION Selectively interpreting what one sees on the basis of one’s interests, background, experience and attitudes CONTRAST EFFECT Evaluation of a person’s characteristics that are affected by comparisons with other people recently encountered who rank higher or lower on the same characteristics STEREOTYPING Judging someone on the basis of one’s perception of the group to which that person belongs HALO EFFECT AND HORN EFFECT SIMILARITY ERROR RECENCY EFFECT When the most recent information influences our judgment, even though we have a whole of other information on the person. APPLICATIONS OF SHORTCUTS IN ORGANIZATIONS ⚫ Employment interview ⚫ Performance evaluation ⚫ Making impressions ⚫ Ethnic profiling SOCIAL PERCEPTION Social perception refers to the ability to make accurate interpretations and inferences about other people from their general physical appearance, verbal, and nonverbal patterns of communication. PERCEPTION AND OB MANAGERIAL IMPLICATIONS OF PERCEPTIONS • Interpersonal Working Relationship • Staff Selection • Performance Appraisal • Level of Efforts • Increase in Loyalty Levels