60 Questions
Which of the following is a potential environmental factor that can contribute to autoimmunity?
Infection
What is the term used to describe the phenomenon where a viral peptide has similarity to a self peptide?
Molecular mimicry
Which type of immune cell is responsible for presenting the viral peptide to the CD4+ T cell?
Antigen presenting cell
What is the potential consequence of an activated CD4+ T cell that has been activated by a self peptide with homology to a viral peptide?
Autoimmunity
Which of the following is a key factor in the complexity of molecular mimicry?
The T cell receptors being unique to each individual
Which autoimmune disease is associated with cross-reactivity between streptococcal antibodies and connective tissue?
Rheumatic fever
What is a distinguishing feature of type one diabetes compared to type two diabetes?
Autoimmune destruction of the pancreas
What is the role of genetic susceptibility in the development of diabetes?
It increases the risk of developing diabetes
Which disease is characterized by the presence of immunofluorescence in a chicken wire pattern?
Pent the gas
Which antibody is targeted in the diagnosis of coeliac disease?
Antibody against monkey oesophagus
Which antibody is associated with pernicious anaemia?
Antibody against intrinsic factor
What is the significance of HLA typing in the diagnosis of coeliac disease?
Presence of HLA DKI two and eight makes coeliac disease unlikely
Which method is used to detect autoantibodies in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid?
Indirect immunofluorescence
What is the advantage of using indirect immunofluorescence to detect antibodies?
It requires minimal knowledge about the antibody
What is the purpose of diagnostic autoimmune serology antibodies in autoimmune diseases?
They diagnose autoimmune diseases
What is the main reason why indirect immunofluorescence is not commonly used in laboratories?
It is time-consuming and requires manual reading
Which of the following is a possible reason why it is difficult to study the initiation of autoimmune diseases?
There is a gap between the initiation of disease and its presentation
What is a potential mechanism that could link Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) to multiple sclerosis?
All of the above
Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a potential treatment for multiple sclerosis related to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)?
An HPV vaccine
What factors contribute to the complexity of autoimmune disease development?
All of the above
Which method is NOT commonly used in the diagnostic lab anymore?
Eliza
What is the main difference between direct and indirect immunofluorescence?
Direct immunofluorescence requires a tissue biopsy, while indirect immunofluorescence looks for something in the blood
What is the significance of the thick-walled pearly lesions seen in the top left panel?
They indicate the presence of an autoantibody at the dermoepidermal junction
Which disease is characterized by big areas of denuded skin and involvement of mucosal surfaces?
Pemphigus
Which of the following is a reason why autoimmune diseases are often treated by managing the consequences rather than using immunosuppression?
Immunosuppressive drugs have severe side effects
What makes it difficult to treat autoimmune pancreatitis or autoimmune thyroiditis with immunosuppression?
The diseases are subclinical
Why might treating the consequences of an autoimmune disease be preferred over using immunosuppression?
Treating the consequences has fewer side effects
What is a potential drawback of using immunosuppressive drugs to treat autoimmune diseases?
They have severe side effects
What is a possible reason why autoimmune diseases are often subclinical?
They are difficult to diagnose
How can underactive thyroid be treated?
By replacing Thyroxine as a daily tablet
Which of the following is a potential cause of autoimmune hypothyroidism (Hashimoto's thyroiditis)?
Exposure to a self-antigen with an adjuvant
Which immune cells are primarily responsible for the tissue damage in autoimmune diseases?
CD8 T cells
What is the role of T cells in autoimmune responses?
They damage tissue directly
What is the significance of HLA associations in autoimmune diseases?
They indicate genetic susceptibility to autoimmune diseases
Which of the following is a characteristic of peripheral tolerance mechanisms?
Rigorous
Which of the following is an example of an autoimmune disease classified as multi-system?
Systemic lupus erythematosis
Which type of hypersensitivity is characterized by the presence of autoantibodies that directly cause tissue damage?
Type II hypersensitivity
Which of the following autoimmune diseases is characterized by muscle weakness and fatigability, with eyelids, facial muscles, chewing, talking, and swallowing most often affected?
Myasthenia gravis
Which autoimmune disease is associated with a possible link to Coxsackie Virus?
Type I diabetes mellitus
What is the potential consequence of an activated CD4+ T cell that has been activated by a self peptide with homology to a viral peptide?
It may lead to autoimmune disease
What is a potential drawback of using immunosuppressive drugs to treat autoimmune diseases?
Increased risk of infection
What is the main reason why indirect immunofluorescence is not commonly used in laboratories?
It is less sensitive
Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a potential treatment for autoimmune diseases?
Genetic manipulation
What is the main reason why indirect immunofluorescence is not commonly used in laboratories?
It is less sensitive than other methods
Which of the following is a distinguishing feature of type one diabetes compared to type two diabetes?
Onset in adulthood
What is a potential drawback of using immunosuppressive drugs to treat autoimmune diseases?
Increased risk of infection
Which gene is responsible for regulating the ectopic expression of tissue-specific antigens in the thymus?
AIRE gene
Which autoimmune disorder is strongly associated with organ-specific autoimmune diseases such as type 1 diabetes, vitiligo, and alopecia?
APACED
Which autoimmune disorder is characterized by inflammatory bowel disease, dermatitis, and organ-specific autoimmunity?
IPEX
Which HLA molecules are encoded by the HLA system on chromosome 6?
Class I: A, B, C; Class II: DR, DP, and DQ
Which method is commonly used to detect autoantibodies in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid?
ELISA
What is the main difference between type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes?
Type 1 diabetes requires insulin, while type 2 diabetes can be managed with lifestyle changes.
What is the significance of HLA typing in the diagnosis of coeliac disease?
HLA typing can identify the specific antigens targeted by autoantibodies.
Which disease is characterized by thick-walled bullae on the skin and mucus membranes that rupture easily?
Pemphigus
Which of the following is the most accurate description of pernicious anaemia?
Autoimmune destruction of the gastric parietal cells
What is the role of tissue transglutaminase (tTG) in modern immunoassays for coeliac disease?
It is the target antigen detected in the assays
What is the significance of HLA typing in the diagnosis of coeliac disease?
Absence of HLA DQ-2/8 makes coeliac disease very unlikely
What is the main reason why treating the consequences of an autoimmune disease may be preferred over using immunosuppression?
By the time the disease is overt, the damage may already have been done
Which of the following is NOT a potential manifestation of vitamin B12 depletion in pernicious anaemia?
Gastric parietal cell destruction
What is the purpose of plasmapheresis in the treatment of antibody-mediated diseases?
To remove antibodies from the bloodstream
Identify skin biopsy findings in a patient with pemphigus through direct immunofluorescence. Learn about the chicken wire pattern and the intercellular cement protein Deshmukh line three.
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