Pediatric Physiology Lecture 4
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Questions and Answers

At what week can the initial external genitals be appreciated and the sex of the fetus determined?

  • 10th week
  • 14th week
  • 12th week (correct)
  • 16th week
  • What measure is used for gestational age and growth assessment in the second trimester and beyond?

  • Head circumference only
  • Combination of biometric measures (correct)
  • Biparietal diameter only
  • Femoral diaphysis length only
  • What happens to the length of the fetus in the third trimester?

  • It doubles (correct)
  • It triples
  • It quadruples
  • It remains the same
  • What increases in the third trimester, contributing to the weight gain of the fetus?

    <p>Body stores of protein, fat, iron, and calcium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What system is discussed in Section II of the outline?

    <p>Nervous System</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the topic of Section VI of the outline?

    <p>Renal System</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the title of Section VIII of the outline?

    <p>In Utero</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the topic of Section X of the outline?

    <p>Fetal Circulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does hematopoiesis occur in the embryonic structure during the Mesoblastic Stage?

    <p>Yolk sac</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the sequence of fetal hematopoiesis?

    <p>Yolk sac → Liver → Bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main site of EPO production in the fetus?

    <p>Fetal liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long does the RBC life span last in a fetus?

    <p>60 to 90 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When do myeloid progenitor cells migrate to the bone marrow?

    <p>11th to 12th week of gestation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do newborns not become ill despite having quantitative and qualitative deficiencies in their innate and acquired immunity?

    <p>It is an adaptive mechanism to optimize survival</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is unique about megakaryopoiesis in the neonatal period?

    <p>Rapid proliferation and full cytoplasmic maturation without polyploidization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is produced by the fetus and not by the mother in the regulation of fetal erythropoiesis?

    <p>Erythropoietin (EPO) only</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of fetal hemoglobin is present at 24 weeks AOG?

    <p>90%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the range of venous partial pressure of oxygen in the placenta?

    <p>35-40 mmHg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does the oxygen dissociation curve of HbF shift to the left?

    <p>Because of its higher affinity for oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of HbF's lower affinity for diphosphoglycerate?

    <p>Shift to the left</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the capacity to maintain a higher oxygen content after birth?

    <p>It is no longer needed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the environment like in the pulmonary capillaries after birth?

    <p>High oxygen tension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the output from the right ventricle after the umbilical cord is cut?

    <p>It flows entirely into the pulmonary circulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main factor controlling the closure of the ductus arteriosus?

    <p>Increased oxygen levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the syndrome related to respiratory distress?

    <p>Respiratory Distress Syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the figure number that shows the respiratory system?

    <p>Figure 8</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does the shunt through the ductus arteriosus reverse after birth?

    <p>Because pulmonary vascular resistance becomes lower than systemic vascular resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the foramen ovale after birth?

    <p>It closes due to the increased volume of pulmonary blood flow returning from the lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the ductus venosus after birth?

    <p>It closes after the removal of the placenta from circulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the left ventricle after birth?

    <p>It becomes coupled to the high-pressure systemic circulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    By what time is the ductus arteriosus typically closed in term infants?

    <p>Within 60 hours after birth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the increased volume of pulmonary blood flow returning from the lungs to the left atrium?

    <p>Closure of the foramen ovale</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the fetal kidney?

    <p>To produce a large amount of urine for amniotic fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When do renal control systems start to regulate fetal extracellular fluid volume and electrolyte imbalance?

    <p>During late fetal life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of cardiac output is represented by renal blood flow in the first postnatal week?

    <p>4-6%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes the initial low renal blood flow in the first postnatal week?

    <p>Elevated levels of vasoconstrictor hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the distribution of renal blood flow postnatally?

    <p>More flow to the cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what gestational age do fetuses have 1 million nephrons, but are still immature?

    <p>34 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of amniotic fluid is accounted for by fetal urine?

    <p>70-80%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of abnormal kidney development or severe impairment of kidney function in the fetus?

    <p>Oligohydramnios</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When does the production of urine by the fetus start?

    <p>Second trimester</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in fetuses at 34 weeks of gestational age?

    <p>Immature and reduced</p> Signup and view all the answers

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