Pathophysiology: Stress & Inflammation
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Questions and Answers

What is the first phase of the General Adaptation Syndrome?

  • Exhaustion phase
  • Alarm phase (correct)
  • Recovery phase
  • Resistance phase

    • Which of the following is NOT one of the body's three defense mechanisms?

  • Physical surface barriers
  • Inflammation
  • Immune response
  • Vascular response (correct)

    • In which phase does the body become exhausted and depleted due to prolonged stress?

  • Exhaustion phase (correct)
  • Critical phase
  • Alarm phase
  • Resistance phase

    • What is released from the adrenal glands in response to stress?

    <p>Cortisol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factors influence protective agents against stress?

    <p>Genetics and age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates the inflammatory response in the body?

    <p>Damage to tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about the Resistance phase of stress is true?

    <p>The body adapts or alters its responses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a consequence of chronic stress on the body?

    <p>Body's defenses become depleted</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of inflammation?

    <p>To initiate the healing process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do mast cells primarily contribute to the inflammatory response?

    <p>By releasing histamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process is initiated by chemotaxis during inflammation?

    <p>Drawing neutrophils to the injury site</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does increased vascular permeability have during inflammation?

    <p>It allows fluid to leak into tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of neutrophils during inflammation?

    <p>Promoting vasodilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of prostaglandins in the inflammatory process?

    <p>To stimulate pain receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the complementary system's role in inflammation?

    <p>Destruction and removal of microorganisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of clotting factors during inflammation?

    <p>To initiate the clotting cascade for healing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of the inflammatory process involves tissue rebuilding and lasts approximately 2-3 weeks?

    <p>Tissue Formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is not a cardinal sign of localized inflammation?

    <p>Fever</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the significance of kinin in the inflammatory process?

    <p>It is involved in chemotaxis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment method is used to reduce blood flow to an inflamed area?

    <p>Ice packs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the formation of granulomas primarily indicate?

    <p>Chronic inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common complication of healing?

    <p>Keloids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In rheumatoid arthritis, which factor is NOT considered part of its pathophysiology?

    <p>Hormonal changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of inflammatory exudate is characterized by a clear serum-like fluid containing protein?

    <p>Serous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT typically involved in chronic inflammation?

    <p>Neutrophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a systemic sign of inflammation?

    <p>Increased leukocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the resistance phase in the General Adaptation Syndrome?

    <p>The body may either adapt or experience alterations due to stress.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the role of catecholamines released during the alarm phase of stress?

    <p>They prepare the body for fight or flight responses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of physical surface barriers in the body's defense mechanisms?

    <p>To provide a physical barrier preventing pathogen entry.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS)?

    <p>SIRS includes multiple phases reflecting the body’s response to severe inflammation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors is NOT considered a protective agent against stress?

    <p>Chronic high blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of stress, which phase signifies the depletion of body's defenses?

    <p>Exhaustion phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the inflammatory response according to the provided defense mechanisms?

    <p>Damage to tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following elements is least likely to significantly influence the body's stress response?

    <p>Skin color</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the primary roles of neutrophils in the inflammatory response?

    <p>To engulf and destroy foreign materials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Increased capillary permeability during inflammation primarily leads to what effect?

    <p>Fluid leaking into tissue causing edema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of mast cells during the inflammatory process?

    <p>Secrete histamine to promote vasodilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which biochemical mediator is responsible for stimulating pain receptors during inflammation?

    <p>Prostaglandins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the complement system in the context of inflammation?

    <p>It helps to destroy and remove microorganisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the process of chemotaxis contribute to inflammation?

    <p>By attracting neutrophils to the site of injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological response is primarily triggered by histamine release during inflammation?

    <p>Vasodilation and increased permeability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process describes the eating and destruction of microorganisms by neutrophils?

    <p>Phagocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes chronic inflammation?

    <p>Involves monocytes, macrophages, and lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which phase of the inflammatory process does remodeling of tissue occur?

    <p>Remodeling phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes purulent exudate from other types of exudate?

    <p>Is primarily composed of necrotic cells and pus-forming bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a significant complication associated with healing?

    <p>Keloids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary characteristic of the inflammatory response in rheumatoid arthritis?

    <p>Hyperplasia of synovial membranes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following signs is considered a cardinal sign of systemic inflammation?

    <p>Fever</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of inflammatory lesions, which term encompasses all types of local tissue injuries?

    <p>Inflammatory lesions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment method is focused on decreasing the size of inflammation?

    <p>Use of ice packs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'pannus formation' refer to in rheumatoid arthritis?

    <p>Abnormal growth of fibrovascular tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which immune response is primarily responsible for chemotaxis during inflammation?

    <p>Neutrophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Stress and Its Phases

    • Stress can be triggered by various factors including anxiety, depression, disease, insomnia, infections, cardiovascular issues, and trauma.
    • The body undergoes the General Adaptation Syndrome consisting of three phases: Alarm, Resistance, and Exhaustion.
    • Alarm Phase: Sympathetic nervous system activation, release of catecholamines and cortisol (the stress hormone) from adrenal glands.
    • Resistance Phase: Body adapts or alters; prolonged stress leads to exhaustion.
    • Exhaustion Phase: Body becomes depleted and damaged, defenses are utilized.

    Defense Mechanisms

    • The body has three primary defense mechanisms against stress and injury:
      • Physical Surface Barriers: Skin acts as the first line of defense.
      • Inflammation: Triggered by tissue damage, it isolates and destroys invaders while facilitating cleanup.
      • Immune Response: Engages the antigen/antibody response with lymphocyte production.

    Inflammatory Response

    • Inflammation initiates the healing process and protects the body by localizing injuries and disposing of foreign materials.
    • Key mediators include mast cells, histamine (causes vasodilation and hypotension), and prostaglandins (stimulate pain receptors).

    Vascular Responses

    • Increases vascular permeability and causes vasodilation, leading to redness and heat, along with localized edema due to fluid leakage into tissues.

    Cellular Response

    • Neutrophils act as the primary responders, consuming microorganisms and debris. Chemotaxis facilitates their movement to the injury site.

    Cardinal Signs of Inflammation

    • Localized Signs: Heat, redness, swelling, pain, and loss of function.
    • Systemic Signs: Fever, fatigue, weight loss, lethargy, increased leukocytes, and plasma proteins.

    Inflammatory Exudates

    • Four types of exudates:
      • Serous/Sanguineous: Clear, protein-rich fluid.
      • Fibrinous: Scab-like appearance indicating larger injury.
      • Purulent: Contains dead/dying cells and pus-forming bacteria.
      • Pyogenic: Pus-filled, can form abscesses or empyema.

    Treatment of Inflammation

    • Methods include ice packs to reduce blood flow, NSAIDs to decrease swelling, and antibiotics to block chemical mediators.

    Phases of Healing

    • Phase 1: Acute inflammation lasting 2-4 days with an early and late stage.
    • Phase 2: Tissue formation, lasting 2-3 weeks with no chronic inflammation.
    • Phase 3: Remodeling, may last up to a year post-injury.

    Chronic Inflammation

    • Ongoing inflammation with a prominence of monocytes, macrophages, and lymphocytes leading to granuloma and scarring formation.

    Complications of Healing

    • Possible issues include infection, ulceration, dehiscence, keloids, and adhesions.

    Common Inflammatory Diseases

    • Notable conditions include Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA), Gastritis, Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), and Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS) due to burns, sepsis, or trauma.

    Rheumatoid Arthritis Pathophysiology

    • Chronic inflammation of synovial membranes marked by hyperplasia.
    • Etiology involves genetic factors, triggering events (like stress), and autoimmunity.
    • Characterized by cycles of remission and exacerbation along with pannus formation, cartilage erosion, and ankylosis.

    Clinical Manifestations of RA

    • Symptoms range from mild to debilitating; affects joints symmetrically causing pain, stiffness, swelling, reduced mobility, redness, and heat.

    RA Diagnostic Criteria

    • No single definitive test; increased likelihood indicated by elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP), rheumatoid factor (IgG), and antinuclear antibodies (ANA).

    RA Treatment

    • Pharmacologic treatments include NSAIDs and COX-2 inhibitors (e.g., Celebrex).
    • Non-pharmacologic interventions encompass rest/activity balance, physical therapy, splints, and potential surgery.

    Inflammatory Lesions

    • This term includes a variety of conditions such as wounds, ulcers, blisters, vesicles, pustules, or tumors related to inflammatory responses.

    Stress and Its Phases

    • Stress can be triggered by various factors including anxiety, depression, disease, insomnia, infections, cardiovascular issues, and trauma.
    • The body undergoes the General Adaptation Syndrome consisting of three phases: Alarm, Resistance, and Exhaustion.
    • Alarm Phase: Sympathetic nervous system activation, release of catecholamines and cortisol (the stress hormone) from adrenal glands.
    • Resistance Phase: Body adapts or alters; prolonged stress leads to exhaustion.
    • Exhaustion Phase: Body becomes depleted and damaged, defenses are utilized.

    Defense Mechanisms

    • The body has three primary defense mechanisms against stress and injury:
      • Physical Surface Barriers: Skin acts as the first line of defense.
      • Inflammation: Triggered by tissue damage, it isolates and destroys invaders while facilitating cleanup.
      • Immune Response: Engages the antigen/antibody response with lymphocyte production.

    Inflammatory Response

    • Inflammation initiates the healing process and protects the body by localizing injuries and disposing of foreign materials.
    • Key mediators include mast cells, histamine (causes vasodilation and hypotension), and prostaglandins (stimulate pain receptors).

    Vascular Responses

    • Increases vascular permeability and causes vasodilation, leading to redness and heat, along with localized edema due to fluid leakage into tissues.

    Cellular Response

    • Neutrophils act as the primary responders, consuming microorganisms and debris. Chemotaxis facilitates their movement to the injury site.

    Cardinal Signs of Inflammation

    • Localized Signs: Heat, redness, swelling, pain, and loss of function.
    • Systemic Signs: Fever, fatigue, weight loss, lethargy, increased leukocytes, and plasma proteins.

    Inflammatory Exudates

    • Four types of exudates:
      • Serous/Sanguineous: Clear, protein-rich fluid.
      • Fibrinous: Scab-like appearance indicating larger injury.
      • Purulent: Contains dead/dying cells and pus-forming bacteria.
      • Pyogenic: Pus-filled, can form abscesses or empyema.

    Treatment of Inflammation

    • Methods include ice packs to reduce blood flow, NSAIDs to decrease swelling, and antibiotics to block chemical mediators.

    Phases of Healing

    • Phase 1: Acute inflammation lasting 2-4 days with an early and late stage.
    • Phase 2: Tissue formation, lasting 2-3 weeks with no chronic inflammation.
    • Phase 3: Remodeling, may last up to a year post-injury.

    Chronic Inflammation

    • Ongoing inflammation with a prominence of monocytes, macrophages, and lymphocytes leading to granuloma and scarring formation.

    Complications of Healing

    • Possible issues include infection, ulceration, dehiscence, keloids, and adhesions.

    Common Inflammatory Diseases

    • Notable conditions include Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA), Gastritis, Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), and Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS) due to burns, sepsis, or trauma.

    Rheumatoid Arthritis Pathophysiology

    • Chronic inflammation of synovial membranes marked by hyperplasia.
    • Etiology involves genetic factors, triggering events (like stress), and autoimmunity.
    • Characterized by cycles of remission and exacerbation along with pannus formation, cartilage erosion, and ankylosis.

    Clinical Manifestations of RA

    • Symptoms range from mild to debilitating; affects joints symmetrically causing pain, stiffness, swelling, reduced mobility, redness, and heat.

    RA Diagnostic Criteria

    • No single definitive test; increased likelihood indicated by elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP), rheumatoid factor (IgG), and antinuclear antibodies (ANA).

    RA Treatment

    • Pharmacologic treatments include NSAIDs and COX-2 inhibitors (e.g., Celebrex).
    • Non-pharmacologic interventions encompass rest/activity balance, physical therapy, splints, and potential surgery.

    Inflammatory Lesions

    • This term includes a variety of conditions such as wounds, ulcers, blisters, vesicles, pustules, or tumors related to inflammatory responses.

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    Description

    This quiz focuses on the pathophysiology of stress and inflammation. It covers the phases of stress in the body, defense mechanisms, the inflammation response system, and diseases related to inflammation, including Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS). Assess your understanding of these crucial medical concepts.

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