Immunology and Stress Management Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary focus of Chapter 14?

  • Stress Management
  • Normal Immune Response and Allergic Disorders (correct)
  • Hematological Assessment
  • Inflammation

    • What does the term 'Antigen' refer to?

  • A specific area on an antibody that binds to an antigen
  • A protein found in antibodies
  • A type of white blood cell involved in the immune system
  • A substance that triggers an immune response (correct)

    • Which chapter discusses the process of inflammation?

  • Chapter 7
  • Chapter 33
  • Chapter 14
  • Chapter 12 (correct)

    • Which chapter covers the management of stress?

    <p>Chapter 7 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of innate immunity?

    <p>It is non-specific and present at birth. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of lymphocyte is responsible for producing antibodies?

    <p>B-lymphocytes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do memory B-lymphocytes play during a second exposure to an antigen?

    <p>They recognize the antigen for a rapid antibody response. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which lymphoid organ is primarily responsible for the maturation of T-lymphocytes?

    <p>Thymus gland (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of immunity is characterized by receiving antibodies from another source, such as from mother to fetus?

    <p>Passive immunity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of cytokines in the immune response?

    <p>They help regulate cell activity and communication. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of T-lymphocyte is responsible for regulating overall immune response?

    <p>T helper cells (CD4) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Autoimmune diseases result from the body's inability to:

    <p>differentiate between foreign and self-antigens. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is primarily IGE-mediated?

    <p>Type I (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical onset time for Type IV hypersensitivity reactions?

    <p>Several days (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which immune mediators are primarily involved in Type II hypersensitivity?

    <p>IgG and IgM antibodies (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological effect does chronic stress have on the immune system?

    <p>Immunosuppression (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of the vascular response during inflammation, what is the primary purpose of vasodilation?

    <p>Facilitate fluid movement into tissues (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which white blood cells are first responders to sites of infection?

    <p>Neutrophils (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a left shift in a complete blood count (CBC) indicate?

    <p>Bacterial infection (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of hypersensitivity reaction is often associated with symptoms like contact dermatitis?

    <p>Type IV (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Antigens

    Foreign substances that trigger an immune response in the body.

    Stress Management

    Techniques aimed at controlling a person's level of stress.

    Inflammation

    The body's response to injury or infection, marked by redness and swelling.

    Type I IgE-Mediated Reactions

    Allergic reactions caused by the immune response to allergens, mediated by IgE antibodies.

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    Hematological Assessment

    Evaluation of blood and blood disorders for diagnosis and treatment.

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    Type I Hypersensitivity

    An immediate allergic reaction, such as asthma, mediated by IgE antibodies.

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    Type II Hypersensitivity

    Cytotoxic reaction involving IgG and IgM antibodies, causing cell destruction, e.g., transfusion reactions.

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    Type III Hypersensitivity

    Immune complex reaction leading to inflammation and tissue damage, e.g., rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

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    Type IV Hypersensitivity

    Delayed reaction mediated by T-cells, occurring several days after exposure, e.g., contact dermatitis.

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    Acute Stress on Immunity

    Short-term stress leading to immunosuppression and decreased NK cells and lymphocyte proliferation.

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    Vascular Response in Inflammation

    Facilitates fluid movement from capillaries into tissues, causing vasodilation during inflammation.

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    Left Shift in CBC

    Indicates bacterial infection with increased WBC and neutrophils, seen in acute response.

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    Clinical Manifestations of Inflammation

    Signs such as fever, increased WBC count, and purulent exudate associated with inflammation.

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    Surface Antigens

    Unique markers on all cells that allow the body to recognize itself.

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    Innate Immunity

    Non-specific, immediate response to pathogens present at birth.

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    Acquired Immunity

    Specific immunity developed after exposure to antigens, either active or passive.

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    B-Lymphocytes

    Cells that mature in bone marrow, produce antibodies, and respond last to injury.

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    T-Lymphocytes

    Cells that mature in the thymus, responsible for targeting viruses and tumors.

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    Memory B-Lymphocytes

    Cells that remember previous antigens for faster antibody production on re-exposure.

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    Cytokines

    Cell messengers that instruct other cells to change actions.

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    Autoimmune Diseases

    Conditions caused by the body mistaking its own cells for foreign invaders.

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    Study Notes

    Objectives

    • PowerPoint review covering stress management (Chapter 7), inflammation (Chapter 12), normal immune response, Type I IgE-mediated reactions & allergic disorders (Chapter 14), hematological assessment (Chapter 33), and hematological problems (Chapter 34)
    • In-class application activities
    • Group nutrition presentation on anemia

    Immune Responses & Inflammation

    • Slides display a microscopic image of blood cells
    • Basic functions of the immune system: defense (protects, prevents attacks), homeostasis (digests, removes), and surveillance (recognizes, destroys)
    • Antigens are foreign substances triggering an immune response. All cells have surface antigens for self-recognition, avoiding self-response.

    Antigens

    • Foreign substances initiating immune responses
    • All cells have surface antigens for unique self-identification.
    • Enables the body to differentiate between self and non-self.

    Types of Immunity

    • Innate: present at birth, first line of defense, non-antigen-specific, immediate response (natural WBC response), primarily neutrophils and monocytes
    • Active (long-lived): invasion of a foreign antigen, antibody production (e.g., disease, immunization), reinvasion leads to a quicker response, memory cells
    • Passive (short-lived): receives antibodies from a source (e.g., mother to fetus, serum antibodies), no memory cells

    Hematopoiesis

    • Process of blood cell formation.
    • Hematopoietic stem cell is the origin of all blood cells.
    • Stem cells differentiate into: Lymphoid (B-cells, T-cells, NK cells), Myeloid (Neutrophils, Basophils, Mast cells, Eosinophils, Dendritic cells, Macrophages), and Erythroid (RBC, Megakaryocytes, Platelets) lineages

    Lymphoid Organs

    • Central lymphoid organs: thymus gland (T cells), bone marrow (B cells)
    • Peripheral lymphoid organs: lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen, gut-associated lymphoid tissue, genital-associated lymphoid tissue, bronchial-associated lymphoid tissue, skin-associated lymphoid tissue

    Inflammatory & Immune Response

    • B-lymphocytes: mature in bone marrow, differentiate into plasma cells, produce antibodies (immunoglobulins), last to arrive at the injury site.
    • T-lymphocytes: migrate and mature in the thymus, responsible for immunity against viruses, tumor cells, and fungi.

    Antibody Immunity

    • B-lymphocytes: first exposure to antigen triggers antibody production (IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, IgE); first exposure
    • 2nd exposure to antigen: Memory B-lymphocytes recognize the antigen resulting in rapid antibody production.

    Cell-Mediated Immunity

    • T-lymphocytes differentiate into cytotoxic T cells (CD8) and helper T cells (CD4).
    • CD8 T-cells: attack and destroy antigens by releasing cytolytic substances and become memory T cells.
    • CD4 T-cells: regulate cell-mediated immunity, antibody response, cytokines, NK cells, T dendritic cells

    Cytokines

    • Cell messengers instructing cells on proliferation, differentiation, secretion, or cellular activity.
    • Types include interleukins, interferons, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), colony-stimulating factors, and erythropoietin.

    Autoimmune Diseases

    • Body's inability to recognize self.
    • Cause is unknown.
    • Loss of self-tolerance for the body's own DNA antigens.

    Altered Immune Response

    • Type I (IgE-mediated): immediate onset (e.g., asthma, hives) caused by histamine, leukotrienes, mast cells, and prostaglandins.
    • Type II (Cytotoxic): minutes to hours onset (e.g., transfusions, ITP, Graves disease) from IgG & IgM antibodies binding to antigens.
    • Type III (Immune Complex): hours to days onset (e.g., RA, SLE), caused by monocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils.
    • Type IV (Delayed Hypersensitivity): several days onset (e.g. contact dermatitis), caused by T cytotoxic cells and cytokines.

    Stress on the Immune Response

    • Acute/chronic stress leads to immunosuppression.
    • It decreases the number of NK cells and lymphocytes proliferation.
    • It alters cytokine production and decreases phagocytosis by neutrophils/monocytes.

    Allergic Disorders

    • Assessment includes personal and family history of allergies, social/environmental factors.
    • Diagnostic studies include skin testing (scratch/prick, intradermal, patch).
    • Treatment includes treatment for anaphylaxis (ABCs), seasonal/chronic allergy recognition and control (medications, immunotherapy).

    Inflammatory & Immune Response (detailed)

    • Vascular Response: Facilitates fluid movement from capillaries to tissue spaces (vasodilation).
    • Cellular Response (WBCs with Differential):
      • Neutrophils: (6-12 hrs) 1st responders, phagocytize bacteria, foreign material, damaged and dead cells, and tissue debris creating pus.
      • Monocytes (macrophages): phagocytize bacteria and present antigens to T or B lymphocytes, triggering cell-mediated immunity.

    Inflammation (continued)

    • Lymphocytes: differentiate into B and T cells, responsible for long-term immunity.
    • Eosinophils: associated with allergic responses and atopic disorders.
    • Basophils: release histamine for inflammatory responses.
    • Chemical mediators: prostaglandins, leukotrienes, complements

    Clinical Manifestations

    • Signs of inflammation: fever (antipyretics, hydration), inflammation (anti-inflammatory, vitamins, RICE), erythema, increased WBC count, green/yellow colored sputum, purulent exudate (pus), odor, cloudy/discolored urine

    CBC - Shifts

    • Left Shift (Bacterial): increased WBC count, increased neutrophils, presence of bands (immature neutrophils).
    • Right Shift (Viral): decreased or normal WBC count, decreased neutrophils, increased lymphocytes.

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    Related Documents

    Immune Response & Inflammation Lecture Notes PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers essential topics from Chapters 7, 12, 14, 33, and 34, focusing on stress management, inflammation, immune responses, and hematology. Review the immune system's functions, types of immunity, and the role of antigens in initiating immune responses. It also includes applications and presentations related to anemia.

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