30 Questions
What is the main function of cardiac muscle cells in the heart?
Contraction
Which type of cardiac cells can generate its own impulses with certain types of stimuli?
Cardiac Electrical cells (Pacemaker cells)
What is the amount of blood delivered to the chamber that depends on venous return to the heart and contractility?
Preload
What is the term for the resistance to forward blood flow by the vessel walls?
Afterload
What is the formula to calculate cardiac output (CO), given heart rate (HR) and stroke volume (SV)?
CO = HR x SV
What is the term for the number of contractions of the heart per minute?
Heart Rate (HR)
What is the function of Baroreceptors in the autonomic regulation of heart function?
To sense the change in arterial pressure
How does adrenaline affect the myocardium?
Stimulation of beta receptors, increasing contractility and conduction of the ventricles
What is the effect of high potassium levels on cardiac cells?
Irregular firing of cardiac cells and dysrhythmias
What is the formula for calculating blood pressure?
BP = CO x TPR
What is the role of peripheral resistance in regulating blood pressure?
It contributes to total peripheral resistance, which affects blood pressure
What is the effect of low potassium levels on cardiac function?
Longer delays in firing of cardiac cells, leading to bradycardia and hypotension
What is eclampsia and what are its consequences?
Eclampsia is a serious complication of untreated severe preeclampsia, characterized by convulsions or coma, and can be life-threatening for both mother and baby.
What lifestyle modifications are recommended for managing hypertension?
Healthy diet, weight management, regular exercise, sodium reduction, alcohol moderation, smoking cessation, and stress management.
What are some medications used to treat hypertension?
ACE inhibitors, ARBs, calcium channel blockers, diuretics, beta-blockers, and sympatholytic agents.
What are the presenting complaints of Mary Jones?
Occasional headaches and fatigue.
What is the significance of Mary's family history?
Her mother had hypertension, which increases Mary's risk of developing hypertension.
What is the expected diagnosis for Mary Jones based on her physical examination and investigation results?
Stage 1 hypertension.
What is hypertension, and what is the threshold for its diagnosis?
Hypertension is a persistent elevation of arterial blood pressure, and it is diagnosed when the blood pressure is often at or above 140/90 mmHg.
What are the four abnormalities that can lead to primary hypertension?
Abnormalities involving the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, pathologic disturbance in the CNS, abnormalities in renal or tissue auto-regulatory processes, and high sodium intake.
What are some underlying diseases that can cause secondary hypertension?
Thyroid dysfunction, sleep apnea, diabetes, Cushing syndrome, and pregnancy.
What is the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), and what are its functions?
The renin-angiotensin system is a complex hormonal system that regulates blood pressure and water (fluid) balance.
How should blood pressure be measured for diagnosing hypertension?
Blood pressure should be measured as the average of two or more readings taken at each of two or more clinical encounters.
What is the significance of medical history and lifestyle habits in diagnosing hypertension?
Medical history, family history of high blood pressure, and lifestyle habits such as diet, exercise routine, and smoking history are important for diagnosing hypertension.
What lifestyle modification is crucial for managing Mary's condition?
Exercising regularly
What is a common complication associated with uncontrolled hypertension?
Stroke
How does increased sympathetic nervous system activity contribute to hypertension?
Enhancing peripheral vasoconstriction
What is the primary benefit of reducing alcohol intake in managing Mary's condition?
Lowering blood pressure
Why is quitting smoking essential for Mary's health?
To reduce cardiovascular risk factors
What is the potential consequence of not managing Mary's condition?
Development of complications such as heart disease, stroke, and kidney disease
Learn about the pathophysiology of the cardiovascular system, including the pulmonary, systemic, and coronary circuits, as well as the different types of cells in the heart and their functions. Test your knowledge on cardiac electrical cells, cardiac muscle cells, and more!
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